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In occupations where there is potential exposure to biological hazards,
workers should practice proper personal hygiene, particularly hand washing.
Hospitals should provide proper ventilation, proper personal protective
equipment such as gloves and respirators, adequate infectious waste disposal
systems, and appropriate controls including isolation in instances of particu-
larly contagious diseases such as tuberculosis.
12. Read about physical hazards and fill in the table.
Type of physical hazards Methods to provide workers’ safety
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
These include excessive levels of ionizing and nonionizing electromag-
netic radiation, noise, vibration, illumination, and temperature.
In occupations where there is exposure to ionizing radiation, time,
distance, and shielding are important tools in ensuring worker safety. Danger
from radiation increases with the amount of time one is exposed to it; hence,
the shorter the time of exposure the smaller the radiation danger.
Distance also is a valuable tool in controlling exposure to both ionizing
and non-ionizing radiation. Radiation levels from some sources can be esti-
mated by comparing the squares of the distances between the worker and the
source. For example, at a reference point of 10 feet from a source, the radia-
tion is 1/100 of the intensity at 1 foot from the source.
Shielding also is a way to protect against radiation. The greater the pro-
tective mass between a radioactive source and the worker, the lower the ra-
diation exposure.
Nonionizing radiation also is dealt with by shielding workers from the
source. Sometimes limiting exposure times to nonionizing radiation or in-
creasing the distance is not effective. Laser radiation, for example, cannot be
controlled effectively by imposing time limits. An exposure can be hazardous
that is faster than the blinking of an eye. Increasing the distance from a laser
source may require miles before the energy level reaches a point where the
exposure would not be harmful.
Noise, another significant physical hazard, can be controlled by various
measures. Noise can be reduced by installing equipment and systems that
have been engineered, designed, and built to operate quietly. Substituting
quiet work methods for noisy ones is another significant way to reduce noise.
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