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Also, treating floors, ceilings, and walls with acoustical material can reduce
reflected or reverberant noise. In addition, erecting sound barriers at adjacent
work stations around noisy operations will reduce worker exposure to noise
generated at adjacent work stations.
It is also possible to reduce noise exposure by increasing the distance
between the source and the receiver, by isolating workers in acoustical
booths, limiting workers' exposure time to noise, and by providing hearing
protection.
Another physical hazard, radiant heat exposure in factories such as steel
mills, can be controlled by installing reflective shields and by providing pro-
tective clothing.
13. Read about ergonomic hazards and write out:
• types of ergonomic hazards;
• conditions which can cause ergonomic hazards;
• measures to avoid ergonomic hazards.
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
The science of ergonomics studies and evaluates a full range of tasks in-
cluding lifting, holding, pushing, walking, and reaching. Many ergonomic
problems result from technological changes such as increased assembly line
speeds, adding specialized tasks, and increased repetition; some problems
arise from poorly designed job tasks. Any of those conditions can cause er-
gonomic hazards such as excessive vibration and noise, eye strain, repetitive
motion, and heavy lifting problems. Improperly designed tools or work areas
also can be ergonomic hazards. Repetitive motions or repeated shocks over
prolonged periods of time as in jobs involving sorting, assembling, and data
entry can often cause irritation and inflammation of hands and arms.
Ergonomic hazards are avoided primarily by the effective design of a
job or jobsite and by better designed tools or equipment that meet workers'
needs in terms of physical environment and job tasks. Through thorough
worksite analyses, employers can set up procedures to correct or control er-
gonomic hazards by using the appropriate engineering controls (e.g., design-
ing or redesigning work stations, lighting, tools, and equipment); teaching
correct work practices (e.g., proper lifting methods); employing proper ad-
ministrative controls (e.g., shifting workers among several different tasks, re-
ducing production demand, and increasing rest breaks); and, if necessary,
providing personal protective equipment. Evaluating working conditions
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