Химический анализ почв. Валовой анализ органической и минеральной частей почвы. Йонко О.А. - 12 стр.

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Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
FeSO
4
Ɉɛɴɟɦ, ɦɥ
ɉɨɱɜɚ,
ɪɚɡɪɟɡ,
ɝɥɭɛɢ
ɧɚ, ɫɦ
ɇɚɜɟɫ-
ɤɚ
ɜɨɡɞɭ-
ɲɧɨ-
ɫɭɯɨɣ
ɩɨɱɜɵ,
ɝ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
,
ɦɥ
ɧ
1
,
ɦɦɨɥɶ
(+)/ɦɥ
ɤɨɧɬ-
ɪɨɥɶ-
ɧɵɣ
ɨɩɵɬ
ɩɪɨ
ɛɚ
ɧ
2
,
ɦɦɨɥɶ
(+)/ɦɥ
ɋ, %
ɧɚ
ɜɨɡɞɭ-
ɲɧɨ
ɫɭɯɭɸ
ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɋ, %
ɧɚ
ɜɵɫɭ-
ɲɟɧ-
ɧɭɸ
ɩɨɱ-
ɜɭ
ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ȺɁɈɌȺ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ ɄɖȿɅɖȾȺɅə
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ
Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ. Ɉɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɨ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɷɬɚɩɚ:
ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬɝɨɧɤɭ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɋɈ
2
ɢɇ
2
Ɉ, ɚɡɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ
ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ
ɚɥɚɧɢɧɨɦ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɩɨɱɜ:
2CH
3
CHNH
2
COOH+13H
2
SO
4
ĺ(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+6CO
2
+16H
2
O+12SO
2
.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɫɟɪɵ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ
ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɫɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɥɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɤɨɥɛɵ
Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ, ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɵ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɫɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ
ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
CuSO
4
×H
2
O; HgO; Se ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɶ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɫɟɥɟɧ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɥɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ:
Se+2H
2
SO
4
=H
2
SeO
3
+2SO
2
+H
2
O/
ɋɟɥɟɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ,
ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɞɨ ɋɈ
2
ɢɇ
2
Ɉ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɟɧɚ.
2CH
3
CHNH
2
COOH+6H
2
SeO
3
=6CO
2
+10H
2
O+2NH
3
+6Se
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɟɥɟɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ.
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɚɡɨɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ
ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬ NaOH:
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+2NaOHĺ2NH
3
+2H
2
O+Na
2
SO
4
,
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. ɉɪɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɫ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɪɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ:
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