Химический анализ почв. Валовой анализ органической и минеральной частей почвы. Йонко О.А. - 23 стр.

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ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɯɥɨɪ-ɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ.
ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ 8–10 ɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ 1–2 ɦɥ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 1 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ HNO
3
, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2–3 ɤɚɩɥɢ 1 % AgNO
3
ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɢ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɭ
ɩɪɨɦɵɬɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ.
ȼɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ R(OH)
3
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ CI
-
, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ.
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɦɵɬɵɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ R(OH)
3
ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜɨ
ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ, ɨɡɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɬɹɝɨɣ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ
ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 850–950º
(ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ, ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɨɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɢɟ).
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
23
100
%,
OO
mV
RO
Vɚɥ m
uu
u
ɝɞɟ m
O
– ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɱɟɬɨɦ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɝ;
m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;
V
0
– ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɥ;
V
ɚɥ
– ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ,
ɜɡɹɬɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɦɥ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬ-
ɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦ-
ɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ,
ɦɥ
ɉɨɱ-
ɜɚ
Ƚɥɭ-
ɛɢ-
ɧɚ,
ɫɦ
ɇɚɜɟɫ-
ɤɚ ɫɭ-
ɯɨɣ
ɩɨɱɜɵ,
ɝ
ʋ
ɮɚɪɮɨ-
ɪɨɜɨɝɨ
ɬɢɝɥɹ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ
ɩɭɫɬɨ
ɝɨ ɬɢɝ-
ɥɹ, ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ
ɬɢɝɥɹ ɫ
ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ
ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɩɪɨɤɚ-
ɥ
ɢɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɝ
ɨɛɳɢɣ ɚɥɢɤ-
ɜɨɬɚ
Ɇɚɫ-
ɫɚ
ɨɫɚɞ-
ɤɚ
R
2
O
3
,
ɝ
R
2
O
3
,
%
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. ɋɨɥɹɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɩɥ. 1,19;
2. 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH
4
NO
3
: 10 ɝ NH
4
NO
3
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 500 ɦɥ
ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ 1000 ɦɥ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ NH
4
OH ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɩɨ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɦɭ.
3. 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ) NH
4
OH.
4. 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH
4
OH: 42,2 ɦɥ 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NH
4
OH ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ
50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ.
23

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