Химический анализ почв. Валовой анализ органической и минеральной частей почвы. Йонко О.А. - 32 стр.

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Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ MnO
4
-
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ,
ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɨɧ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɨɧ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
2MnO
4
-
+10CI+16H
+
=Mn
2+
+5CI
2
+8H
2
O.
Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɇ
3
ɊɈ
4
, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɜɭɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɜ
ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɢɨɧ [Fe(PO
4
)
2
]
3-
. Ʉɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ
ɮɨɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ İ = 2300 ɩɪɢ Ȝ = 525 ɧɦ.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ
ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ 20 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ
ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 72–93 ɦɦ) ɢ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ ɞɨɫɭɯɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɨɥɹɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɧɨ
ɱɚɲɟɱɤɢ ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ HNO
3
ɩɥ. 1,4. ɋɬɚɜɹɬ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ ɢ ɫɧɨɜɚ
ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɟɟ ɞɨɫɭɯɚ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ
ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɫɭɯɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɚɡ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ CI
-
.
Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ CI
-
ɢɞɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ
ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
NaCI, KCI, CaCI
2
, MgCI
2
, MnCI
2
, FeCI
3
, AICI
3
ɢɞɪ.+nHNO
3
=NaNO
3
,
KNO
3
, Ca(NO
3
)
2
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Mn(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
3
, AI(NO
3
)
3
ɢɞɪ.+nHCI.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ CI
-
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ HCI.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɟ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ CI
-
, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ Fe
2+
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ
ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ HNO
3
ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɭ 25 ɦɥ 5 %
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H
2
SO
4
, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 1 ɦɥ H
3
PO
4
ɞɥɹ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ MnO
4
-
, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ
2 ɦɥ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ AgNO
3
. Ɂɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɭ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɚ
ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ 30 ɦɢɧ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɯɥɨɪ – ɢɨɧɚ.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ (ɫɢɧɹɹ ɥɟɧɬɚ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
7 ɦɦ), ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 100–150 ɦɥ.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɨɬ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɯɥɨɪ – ɢɨɧɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɞɨ 3-ɯɪɚɡ
ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H
2
SO
4
.
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