Английский для бакалавров. Зарубина Л.П - 210 стр.

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210
London.
The south gateway of the bridge was strongly fortified, and when traitors were
beheaded, their heads were displayed on the battlements of this gateway. It soon
gained the popular name of Traitor’s Gate.
For most of its six hundred years, London Bridge was the only bridge across the
Thames. Its construction and upkeep were paid for by rents and tolls, and in time
these amounted to a great deal of money. Tolls were even collected for “shooting the
bridge,” which must have specially angered the boatmen who wished the structure
had never been built in the first place.
By the seventeenth century, Old London Bridge was no longer a fashionable ad-
dress. Many of the houses had fallen into disrepair, and in 1831 when construction
began on New London Bridge, Old London Bridge was taken down. By that time
several other bridges had been built at London.
Scott Corbett
From "Cricket"
I. Read the text ‘London Bridge’. Say which of the facts seems to you the most
striking.
II. Find in the text the conditional sentence. Analyze and translate it.
III. Translate the text.
Text 11. WHY DOES FROZEN FOOD KEEP WELL?
Frozen food keeps for a long time because the freezing of the water inside the
food forces the bacteria, which cause it to decompose, into inactivity. Like all living
things, bacteria need water in order to thrive.
Bacteria are microscopic organisms, or forms of life which occur in air, water
and soil all over the world. But they flourish and multiply particularly wherever or-
ganic matter is present. Some may cause disease, others are harmless, or even benefi-
cial, but their activity causes organic matter, including food, to decompose.
Modern discoveries have enabled sub-zero temperatures to be obtained by cool-
ing air to about -300°C (-508°F) by compressing it and passing it into low pressure
chambers through fine nozzles. The result is a sudden and violent expansion, causing
the air to be drastically cooled. In home refrigerators Freon-12 gas is used instead of
air, and the temperatures are much less drastic. The temperature in the freezing com-
partment of a domestic refrigerator is about -4°C or 25°F, and that of a deep-freezer
about -15°C or 5°F.
Preserving food has an ancient history. The salting and smoking of fish and meat
have been carried out for centuries. Another long-used method of preserving food is
to change its form, for example turning milk into butter and cheese, and grapes into
wine. More recently preservation has been effected by canning, heat being used to
kill bacteria, or dehydration.

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