Computer Engineering (English for Special Purposes). Андриенко А.С. - 14 стр.

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14
Modern Engineering Trends
Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields
not connected directly to manufacture and construction. Modern
engineering is characterized by the broad application of what is known
as systems engineering principles. The systems approach is a
methodology of decision-making in design, operation, or construction
that adopts
1
the formal process included in what is known as the
scientific method; an interdisciplinary, or team, approach
2
, using
specialists from not only the various engineering disciplines, but from
legal
3
, social, aesthetic, and behavioral
4
fields as well; a formal
sequence
5
of procedure employing the principles of operations
research.
Engineers in industry work not only with machines but also
with people, to determine
6
, for example, how machines can be
operated most efficiently by the workers. A small change in the
location of the controls of a machine or of its position with relation to
other machines or equipment, or a change in the muscular movements
of the operator, often results in greatly increased production. This type
of engineering work is called time-study engineering.
Among various recent trends in the engineering profession,
licensing and computerization are the most widespread
7
. Today,
many engineers, like doctors and lawyers, are licensed, by the state.
The trend
8
in modern engineering offices is overwhelmingly toward
computerization. Computers are increasingly used for solving complex
problems as well as for handling, storing, and generating the
enormous
9
volume of data modern engineers must work with.
The National Academy of Engineering, founded in 1964 as a
private organization, sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting
national needs, encourages
10
new research, and is concerned with
the relationship of engineering to society.
Vocabulary:
1. to adopt – принимать
2. approach – подход
3. legal – общепринятый
4. behavioral – поведенческий
5. sequence – последовательность
6. to determine – определять
7. widespread – широко распространенный
8. trend – тенденция, общее направление
9. enormous – огромный
10. to encourage - вдохновлять
99
higher education or in the education faculty/department of а university,
includes: lectures on educational history, theory, psychology; classes
and seminars on teaching methods; teaching practice.
• Read the text and try to explain what is to be a graduate
student.
A Graduate Student
In England а graduate
is not а student but simply а person who
has graduated, that is, taken а first degree, either at university or other
institution providing higher education courses. It implies а contrast with
non-graduate, that is, а person with а qualification other than а
degree.
e.g. а). These jobs are open to graduates.
b). Graduates earn more than non-graduates.
Graduate
can also be used in the sense of "выпускник".
e.g. а). Many British prime ministers have been graduates of
Oxford (or Oxford graduates).
b). University graduates often have difficulty in finding jobs
nowadays.
In American English, however, graduate is used differently. When
attributive it generally corresponds to British English postgraduate
, as
in graduate student and graduate work.
It denotes a person who has received а degree or diploma from
any educational institution, including high school and the expressions
high school graduate
and college/university graduate occur
frequently. It follows from this that graduate cannot be used alone to
denote а person with а higher educational qualification, as in British
English.
• Compare the given difference of the verbs “to learn” and “to
study”.
• What is the peculiar in their meaning and usage?
To learn, to study and alternatives
To learn
means "to get knowledge of (some subject) or skill in
(some activity), either by reading, having lessons, or by experience";
Learn may have either an imperfective meaning (as in exam- or а
perfective meaning. It may mean to learn by heart", as in:
I want you to learn the scientific terms (by heart) for next lesson.
To study
means "to give time and attention to gaining

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