ВУЗ:
Составители:
Рубрика:
100
knowledge, especially from books, to pursue some branch of
knowledge". Unlike to learn, it applies only to knowledge, not skill, or
ability to dо something. Thus one can learn to read, to type, to cook,
to play the piano, etc. but not study. (Study is used with to only in the
sense of "in order to", as in He's studying to be а programmer.)
With the names of subjects, for example, history/English/ physics,
etc. either learn or study are possible:
In the second form many pupils study two foreign languages.
He studied history of Microsoft.
In practice, however, the two verbs are not interchangeable. Study
is restricted mainly to formal style
. In non-formal style learn is
preferred, at least with reference to elementary or practical knowledge,
such as one acquires at school or at evening classes, for example. For
instance we say:
Не learns/is learning English/history/physics at school.
If we meet а foreign visitor who speaks Russian we ask:
- Where did you learn Russian?
Study
in such cases, besides being too formal for the situation,
would imply an advanced, theoretical course, for example, а degree
course at university.
Study (English/history/physics, etc.) is more widely used with
reference to advanced
, theoretical knowledge, such as one acquires
at university or college.
He's studying English at university.
Even here, however, study sounds rather formal, and tends to be
replaced in conversation and informal writing by the more colloquial
dо
. Learn here would imply а more practical, elementary course.
With the names of authors and their works, periods оf history,
subjects of investigation, etc. study, but never learn is used.
When there is no object, learn refers to the process of acquiring
knowledge:
Some students learn more quickly than others.
He doesn't want to learn.
Study with no object generally means "to be а student". He's
studying at Taganrog State University of Radio Engineering.
He published several articles while he was still studying.
Note that we dо not say: “He studies at school/in the first form”, but:
He's at school or He goes to school.
He's in the first form .
Neither learn nor study is appropriate here, nor in the translation of
such Russian sentences as: “Как он учится? Он хорошо/плохо
учится”.
Here we say, for example:
- How's he getting on at school/college/university?
13
preparation of topographical maps, the location, design, and
construction of roads and bridges; and the building efforts and docks;
see Military Engineering below. In the 18th century, however, the term
civil engineering came into use to describe engineering work that was
performed by civilians for nonmilitary purposes. With the increasing-
use of machinery in the 19th century, mechanical engineering was
recognized as a separate branch of engineering, and later mining
engineering was similarly recognized.
The technical advances of the 19th century greatly broadened
the field of engineering and introduced a large number of engineering
specialties, and the rapidly changing demands of the socioeconomic
environment in the 20th century have widened the scope
11
even
further.
Vocabulary:
1. to apply – применять
2. to gain – получать, приобретать
3. experience – опыт
4. efficient – эффективный, действенный
5. loosely – неточно, небрежно
6. latter – недавний, последний
7. aid – вспомогательные средства
8. draftsmen – конструктор
9. large-scale – крупномасштабный
10. to involve – вовлекать
11. scope – область действия
TEXT 2
Pre-reading task
1. What recent trends of engineering professions are
considered to be the most widespread?
2. What is the influence of computerization process on the
contemporary level of high-tech development?
3. Characterize modern engineering trends of our century.
4. Read the text “Modern Engineering Trends”. Discuss the
following problems in group:
a) What are the principles modern engineering is
characterized by?
b) What do you know about The National Academy of
Engineering?
Страницы
- « первая
- ‹ предыдущая
- …
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- …
- следующая ›
- последняя »
