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12
PART I
TEXT 1
Pre-reading task
1. What is engineering? Use a monolingual dictionary to define
this term. Discuss your answers in group.
2. Can you draw a difference between mathematical and natural
sciences?
3. Look up the following words in a dictionary and explain their
meanings and usage peculiarities: trade, craft, profession,
job, occupation, work and career.
4. Read the text “What is engineering?” and take part in the
discussion on the topic "Engineering". Use Supplementary
Reading Section texts: “Preparation for a Discussion”(p.78)
and “Formulas for Scientific Communication”(p.84) to
express your opinion.
5. Discuss the following problems in group:
a) What are the main branches of engineering?
b) What does the field of your speciality deal with?
c) Prove that a modern engineer has to require a basic
knowledge of lots of engineering fields.
What is Engineering?
Engineering is a term applied
1
to the profession in which
knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained
2
by
study, experience
3
, and practice, is applied to the efficient
4
use of the
materials and forces of nature. The term engineer properly denotes a
person who has received professional training in pure and applied
science, but is often loosely
5
used to describe the operator of an
engine, as in the terms locomotive engineer, marine engineer, or
stationary engineer. In modern terminology these latter
6
occupations
are known as crafts or trades. Between the professional engineer and
the craftsperson or tradesperson, however, are those individuals
known as subprofessionals or paraprofessionals, who apply scientific
and engineering skills to technical problems; typical of these are
engineering aides
7
, technicians, inspectors, draftsmen
8
, and the like.
Before the middle of the 18th century, large-scale
9
construction work was usually placed in the hands of military
engineers. Military engineering involved
10
such work as the
101
- Не's getting on (doing very well) at school/college/university.
To read
is sometimes used in the sense of "to study" with
reference to universities, mainly of the humanities. - She is reading
English. (=She's studying English at university.)
- He reads history at Cambridge.
This use of read can be explained by the fact that formerly students
spent most of their time reading books recommended by their tutor
rather than attending lectures and classes.
The following verbs are widely used in conversation and in formal
writing instead of learn or study:
e.g. а. He's doing English this year.
b. They dо two foreign languages in the third form.
с. I did French for five years at school, but I can't speak а
word.
d. Mу son's doing engineering.
• Study the following definition of the words profession,
occupation and job.
• Try to give information about you future profession, future
plans and career.
• Discuss the following problem in group:
а. Choosing а career is sometimes very difficult.
b. Teaching is а demanding career.
с. Should all careers be open to women?
d. It is often difficult for women to combine а career and а
family.
Career
differs from profession, occupation and job in that it often
means more than simply а sphere of activity or а way of earning one's
living. It implies advancement, gradual promotion to more difficult
and/or responsible work, and is therefore used only of those
occupations where this is possible. Note that it does not generally
have the derogatory connotation sometimes present in the Russian
word карьера
.
Career
is also used in the sense of professional/creative activity
or life.
e.g. Mendeleev began his career as a chemist.
• Could you explain the difference between a learner and a
student?
• What is to be a mature student?
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