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92
to translate smth. at sight or straight off - переводить с листа
(colloquial);
to translate literally/word for word
- nepeводить
буквальнo/дословно;
a literal /word-for-word translation – буквальный, дословный
перевод;
to translate freely - свoбодно переводить;
а free translation - вольный пеpeвод;
an exact/accurate translation - точный перевод;
а rough translation – приблизительный, неточный перевод
(
approximate, capable of being improved on).
Render
in one of its senses is а synonym of translate. It can be
defined as: "to reproduce or express in another language, to
translate". However, it rarely occurs in that sense now, except in such
sentences as:
This idea is difficult to render in English/Russian.
Note that render
does not imply а freer translation than translate
and that it is confined mainly to formal style.
Изложение (воспроизведение)
- reproduction
Reproduction
as used in language teaching generally means
reproducing a story in the foreign language without translating. For
example, the class listens to а story in French and then writes that
story from memory in French, although not necessarily in exactly the
same words and not necessarily including all the details. It is thus а
test of comprehension, memory, and of the ability to express oneself in
а foreign language, not of the ability to translate. А reproduction may
be written or oral.
The verbs dо
and write are used with reproduction.
e.g. а). Today you're going to do/write а reproduction.
It should be mentioned, however, that reproduction is not а very
common type of work in England. Reproduce can also be used in
such sentences as:
b). - Now I'm going to read you а story (in French). Listen to it
carefully and then reproduce it (orally/ in writing).
In your own words
could be added.
Retell
(in one's own words) can be used for oral reproduction of a
story.
21
in power transmission and distribution
3
, in automated manufacturing,
and in robotics.
Engineers have been working to bring about two revolutionary
changes in the field of communications and control. Digital systems
are replacing analog ones at the same time that fiber optics is
superseding
4
copper cables
5
. Digital systems offer far greater
immunity
6
to electrical noise. Fiber optics is likewise
7
immune to
interference
8
; they also have tremendous carrying capacity, and are
extremely light and inexpensive to manufacture.
Vocabulary:
1. equation – равенство
2. probability – вероятность
3. distribution – распределение
4. superseding – вытеснение, замена
5. copper cable – медный провод
6. immunity – иммунитет, привилегия
7. likewise – подобно
8. interference – вмешательство, влияние, помехи
8) Computers
1. What are the advantages in this sphere of engineering
development?
2. What does the abbreviation VLSI mean?
3. Can you describe current trends in computer engineering?
Virtually unknown just a few decades ago, computer
engineering is now among the most rapidly growing fields. The
electronics of computers involve engineers in design and manufacture
of memory systems, of central processing units, and of peripheral
devices. Foremost
1
among the avenues now being pursued
2
is the
design of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and new computer
architectures. The field of computer science is closely related to
computer engineering; however, the task of making computers more
"intelligent", through creation of sophisticated programs or
development of higher level machine languages or other means, is
generally regarded
3
as being in the realm
4
of computer science.
One current trend in computer engineering is
microminiaturization. Using VLSI, engineers continue to work to
squeeze greater and greater numbers of circuit elements onto smaller
and smaller chips. Another trend is toward increasing the speed of
computer operations through use of parallel processors,
superconducting materials, and the like.
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