История письма и чтения. Асафова Г.К. - 113 стр.

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although the Revolution of 1789 brought a temporary upsurge in newspaper

publishing, with 350 papers being issued in Paris alone, the return to monarchy

brought another clampdown. Napoleon I had his own official organ–Le Moniteur

Universel, first published by Charles-Joseph Panckoucke (one of a family of

booksellers and writers) in 1789 and lasting until 1869–and there were only three

other French newspapers.

In Germany, early newsletter development was soon hampered by the Thirty

Years' War (1618–48), with its restrictions on trade, shortage of paper, and strict

censorship. Even in peacetime censorship and parochialism inhibited the German

press. Among the important regional newspapers were the Augsburger Zeitung

(1689), the Vossische Zeitung in Berlin (1705), and the Hamburgische

Correspondent (1714). In Austria the Wiener Zeitung was started in 1703 and is

considered to be the oldest surviving daily newspaper in the world. The oldest

continuously published weekly paper is the official Swedish gazette, the Post-och

inrikes tidningar, begun in 1645. Sweden is also notable for having introduced the

first law (in 1766) guaranteeing freedom of the press, but the concept of an

independent press barely existed in most of Europe until the middle of the 19th

century, and until then publishers were constantly subject to state authority.

Early newspapers in Britain and America

The British press made its debut–an inauspicious one–in the early 17th

century. News coverage was restricted to foreign affairs for a long time, and even

the first so-called English newspaper was a translation by Nathaniel Butter, a

printer, of a Dutch coranto called Corante, or newes from Italy, Germany,

Hungarie, Spaine and France, dated Sept. 24, 1621. Together with two London

stationers, Nicholas Bourne and Thomas Archer, Butter published a stream of

corantos and avisos, including a numbered and dated series of Weekley Newes,

beginning in 1622. But a number of difficulties confronted a prospective publisher:

a license to publish was needed; regular censorship of reporting was in operation

from the earliest days; and foreign news no longer appeared because of a Star