История письма и чтения. Асафова Г.К. - 112 стр.

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of events likely to influence economic transactions. The commercial newsletter

thus became the first vehicle of “serious” news, with its attempt at regular, frequent

publication and concern with topical events generally.

The newsletter usually accorded primacy as a definite newspaper is the

Relation of Strasbourg, first printed in 1609 by Johann Carolus. A close rival is the

Avisa Relation oder Zeitung (Zeitung is the German word for “newspaper”),

founded in the same year by Heinrich Julius, duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. In

1605, in the Low Countries, Abraham Verhoeven of Antwerp had begun

publication of the Nieuwe Tijdingen, although the earliest surviving copy is dated

1621. In any case, this historical rivalry is evidence of a fairly sudden demand for

newspapers at the start of the 17th century, and the continuous publication of the

Nieuwe Tijdingen indicates that this demand soon became well-

established. Although these publications were emerging throughout western

Europe, it was the Dutch, with their advantageous geographical and trading

position, who pioneered the international coverage of news through their

“corantos,” or “current news.” The Courante uyt Italien, Duytsland, & C., began to

appear weekly or twice-weekly in 1618.

Similar rudimentary newspapers soon appeared in other European countries:

Switzerland (1610), the Habsburg domains in central Europe (1620), England

(1621), France (1631), Denmark (1634), Italy (1636), Sweden (1645), and Poland

(1661). English and French translations of Dutch corantos were also available. But

signs of official intolerance emerged fairly soon, and censorship stifled newspaper

development in the late 17th century and into the 18th century in continental

Europe. In Paris in 1631, the Nouvelles Ordinaires de Divers Endroits, a publishing

venture by the booksellers Louis Vendosme and Jean Martin, was immediately

replaced by an officially authorized publication, La Gazette, published under the

name of Théophraste Renaudot but with influential backing by Cardinal de

Richelieu. The new publication was to continue (as La Gazette de France) until

1917, casting the shadow of authority over nonofficial newspapers throughout its

life. The first French daily–Le Journal de Paris–was not started until 1777; and