История письма и чтения. Асафова Г.К. - 97 стр.

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APPENDIX

HISTORY OF WRITING

Ogham writing

Ogham also spelled Ogam, or Ogum, alphabetic script dating from the 4th

century AD, used for writing the Irish and Pictish languages on stone monuments;

according to Irish tradition, it was also used for writing on pieces of wood, but

there is no material evidence for this. In its simplest form, ogham consists of four

sets of strokes, or notches, each set containing five letters composed of from one to

five strokes, thus giving 20 letters. These were incised along the edge of a stone,

often vertically or from right to left. A fifth set of five symbols, called in Irish

tradition forfeda (“extra letters”), is seemingly a later development. The origin of

ogham is in dispute; some scholars see a connection with the runic and, ultimately,

Etruscan alphabets, while others maintain that it is simply a transformation of the

Latin alphabet. The fact that it has signs for h and z, which are not used in Irish,

speaks against a purely Irish origin. The inscriptions in ogham are very short,

usually consisting of a name and patronymic in the genitive case; they are of

linguistic interest because they show an earlier state of the Irish language than can

be attested by any other source and probably date from the 4th century AD. Of the

more than 375 ogham inscriptions known, about 300 are from Ireland. Most of

those found in Wales are accompanied by Latin transliterations or equivalents.

OLD TESTAMENT LITERATURE

The Ketuvim

The Ketuvim (the Writings or the Hagiographa), the third division of the

Hebrew Bible, comprises a miscellaneous collection of sacred writings that were

not classified in either the Torah or the Prophets. The collection is not a unified