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45
Age bias is partly a result of the large number of younger executives.
As the number of younger, _______ level executives increases, the need for
_______increases. This may become a greater problem as more of the
_______ grows older.
This problem of age bias has created business for specialists in
_______. These people consult with both businesses and employees. Pres-
ently, they are advising businesses to observe _______ of law when prepar-
ing to fire someone.
2. Structural Review.
Expressing custom or repeated action in the past: used to.
Used to + INFINITIVE expresses custom and habit, repeated action,
or permanent state in the past. There is nothing like it in the present.
Examples
: Custom and habit: Companies used to look for employees
with lots of experience. Repeated action: One corporation used to fire one
older executive after another. Permanent state: Before 1967 and the ADEA,
many older management employees used to see little hope of fighting back.
Often, used to is employed to contrast something in the past with a
new condition in the present.
Negative. In American English the negative is didn't use to (or did
not use to in formal language).
Questions. In American English, used to is treated like a normal "do"
verb:
Did you used to worry about being fired? You used to come in early,
didn't you?
Pronunciation. The "s" in used to is pronounced /s/, not /z/. Notice
that to be used to, meaning to be accustomed to, has nothing to do with used
to + INFINITIVE discussed above.
The following phrases can be combined into sentences if you add
used to. Add only used to. No other words are necessary for the formation
of a good sentence. This exercise is easy if you read all the parts and then
look for the subject of the sentence.
1. age discrimination cases / very few / be taken to court
2. before ADEA / be helpless / older management employees
3. white collar workers / their own companies / sue / never
4. be low / brought by individuals / age bias suits / the number of
5. older white-collar workers / have more faith in / their own compa-
nies / in
6. to move older executives out / be less pressure / there
7. in firing older executives / there was no danger / to feel that / cor-
porations
46
3. Business Communications.
Note taking and summarization.
A summary is a short, orderly collection of the most important infor-
mation in an article. It is different from notes, since it is written in sentence
form. The ability to summarize is very useful to busy people. To do it well,
you must understand the information and decide what is most important.
Try to take notes on short selections by writing answers to the ques-
tions in only a few words. For each selection, if you combine the notes and
put them into sentence form, you will have a summary. Expanding the
notes, we have a summary sentence.
You can take notes on and write a summary of an entire article sim-
ply by asking yourself questions in the form of a plan.
Now, read the selections given below, decide what questions need to
be asked, and write the answers in note form. When you finish making
notes on all the selections, put all the notes together in sentence form in
one paragraph. Now you will have completed a summary of the selections.
1. Age discrimination has long been a fact of corporate life in the
U.S. The business community has emphasized youthful, dynamic manage-
ment. For many companies, firing or forcing early retirement on highly paid
older executives has two perceived advantages: it cuts salary costs and pen-
sion liabilities, and it makes room at the top for young achievers.
2. These days it is a potentially costly option. Executives have begun
to fight back by invoking the protections of the 1967 Age Discrimination in
Employment Act. Many companies have gone to court and have lost suits.
Other companies have paid large amounts of money to settle out of court.
3. Age bias has become a major corporate issue because many com-
panies have lawsuits filed against them, and the odds are in favor of-the
employee. The lawsuits are decided by jury trials, and this is what gives the
employee an advantage. Examples of this are Standard Oil Co. of California
which paid $2 million to 264 employees in a 1974 age bias case. Pan
American World Airways, Inc., which paid $900,000 to 600 older man-
agement employees; and the Hartford Fire Insurance Co. which paid
$240,000 to seventy-two employees.
4. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is very
concerned about age discrimination because many Americans accept this
sort of discrimination, even though they do not accept sexual or racial dis-
crimination. The EEOC plans to demonstrate to employers their intention
actively to enforce the law.
Age bias is partly a result of the large number of younger executives. 3. Business Communications.
As the number of younger, _______ level executives increases, the need for Note taking and summarization.
_______increases. This may become a greater problem as more of the A summary is a short, orderly collection of the most important infor-
_______ grows older. mation in an article. It is different from notes, since it is written in sentence
This problem of age bias has created business for specialists in form. The ability to summarize is very useful to busy people. To do it well,
_______. These people consult with both businesses and employees. Pres- you must understand the information and decide what is most important.
ently, they are advising businesses to observe _______ of law when prepar-
Try to take notes on short selections by writing answers to the ques-
ing to fire someone.
tions in only a few words. For each selection, if you combine the notes and
put them into sentence form, you will have a summary. Expanding the
2. Structural Review.
Expressing custom or repeated action in the past: used to. notes, we have a summary sentence.
You can take notes on and write a summary of an entire article sim-
Used to + INFINITIVE expresses custom and habit, repeated action,
ply by asking yourself questions in the form of a plan.
or permanent state in the past. There is nothing like it in the present.
Examples: Custom and habit: Companies used to look for employees Now, read the selections given below, decide what questions need to
with lots of experience. Repeated action: One corporation used to fire one be asked, and write the answers in note form. When you finish making
older executive after another. Permanent state: Before 1967 and the ADEA, notes on all the selections, put all the notes together in sentence form in
many older management employees used to see little hope of fighting back. one paragraph. Now you will have completed a summary of the selections.
Often, used to is employed to contrast something in the past with a
new condition in the present. 1. Age discrimination has long been a fact of corporate life in the
Negative. In American English the negative is didn't use to (or did U.S. The business community has emphasized youthful, dynamic manage-
not use to in formal language). ment. For many companies, firing or forcing early retirement on highly paid
Questions. In American English, used to is treated like a normal "do" older executives has two perceived advantages: it cuts salary costs and pen-
verb: sion liabilities, and it makes room at the top for young achievers.
Did you used to worry about being fired? You used to come in early, 2. These days it is a potentially costly option. Executives have begun
didn't you? to fight back by invoking the protections of the 1967 Age Discrimination in
Pronunciation. The "s" in used to is pronounced /s/, not /z/. Notice Employment Act. Many companies have gone to court and have lost suits.
that to be used to, meaning to be accustomed to, has nothing to do with used Other companies have paid large amounts of money to settle out of court.
to + INFINITIVE discussed above.
The following phrases can be combined into sentences if you add 3. Age bias has become a major corporate issue because many com-
used to. Add only used to. No other words are necessary for the formation panies have lawsuits filed against them, and the odds are in favor of-the
of a good sentence. This exercise is easy if you read all the parts and then employee. The lawsuits are decided by jury trials, and this is what gives the
look for the subject of the sentence. employee an advantage. Examples of this are Standard Oil Co. of California
1. age discrimination cases / very few / be taken to court which paid $2 million to 264 employees in a 1974 age bias case. Pan
2. before ADEA / be helpless / older management employees American World Airways, Inc., which paid $900,000 to 600 older man-
3. white collar workers / their own companies / sue / never agement employees; and the Hartford Fire Insurance Co. which paid
4. be low / brought by individuals / age bias suits / the number of $240,000 to seventy-two employees.
5. older white-collar workers / have more faith in / their own compa- 4. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is very
nies / in concerned about age discrimination because many Americans accept this
6. to move older executives out / be less pressure / there sort of discrimination, even though they do not accept sexual or racial dis-
7. in firing older executives / there was no danger / to feel that / cor- crimination. The EEOC plans to demonstrate to employers their intention
porations actively to enforce the law.
45 46
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