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Imagine you work in an office. Imagine one morning your boss
comes up to your desk with a file of papers and says: «I want you to
read this up, represent it in a smaller volume, suppressing all insignifi-
cant information, and give your own conclusion». He/she won’t be say-
ing like that, actually. He/she will say «Render this, please»
Rendering is defined in the Webster’s dictionary as «art of mak-
ing presentations». Art indeed, as it requires a lot of your skills and
knowledge of reconstructing and rearranging a written passage without
any considerable damage to its context and idea(s).
You may have to prepare rendering for two main purposes:
 one can read your rendering and won’t have to take up the
original passage.
 one can read your rendering and decide for themselves if
they need to take up the original passage or not.
Rendering can’t be produced without thorough comprehension
of the passage. Dividing the text into logical parts and singling out the
main idea of each of them can be an essential help in understanding the
passage. You will have to read the original more than once.
All methods of rendering are based on the notional compression
of the text, which presupposes the elimination of all types of redun-
dancy, i.e. elements that repeat each other.
A rendering is a text based on the notional compression of the
original with the aim of rendering its general matter. The material in a
rendering is presented from the point of view of the author of the origi-
nal and does not include any elements of interpretation or evaluation.
Rendering can be performed with two aims: informative and educa-
tional. Since the objective of this textbook is to provide you with tools
for oral rendering in the framework of Conversation Practice lessons,
you will still be asked to give your opinion of the original text at the
end of your rendering.
A rendering is usually kept to the following structure:
 introduction, where you provide all necessary background in-
formation such as the title and source of the passage and state
the main idea
 the body, where the main idea is revealed
4
 the conclusion on the passage
 your opinion of the problem (position) introduced in the pas-
sage
There are several basic principles you are to follow in order to
make a successful rendering:
 You have to develop your power of judgment, so that you
may be able to decide rightly what must be expressed and
what must be suppressed.
 In rendering, facts should be expressed as plain statements,
with constant reference to the author of the passage. Try to
avoid evaluative words and phrases in the body of the ren-
dering, keep them for expressing your own opinion.
 Figurative language is in most cases unsuitable
To master rendering you will need certain skills that are dis-
cussed further.
Note: Rendering is, so to say, a working name for a type of edu-
cational activity/exercise commonly used in Russian Uni-
versities. In British and American Universities a term «ab-
stracting» or «summarizing» is used to mean an inde-
pendent work (not a step in the process of rendering as we
view it here) and is also translated into Russian as «рефе-
рирование». An abstract is usually done in written form
and presupposes no personal opinion or interpretation (for
more information see Unit V).
I. WHAT IS RENDERING? Â the conclusion on the passage
 your opinion of the problem (position) introduced in the pas-
Imagine you work in an office. Imagine one morning your boss sage
comes up to your desk with a file of papers and says: «I want you to There are several basic principles you are to follow in order to
read this up, represent it in a smaller volume, suppressing all insignifi- make a successful rendering:
cant information, and give your own conclusion». He/she won’t be say- Â You have to develop your power of judgment, so that you
ing like that, actually. He/she will say «Render this, please» may be able to decide rightly what must be expressed and
Rendering is defined in the Webster’s dictionary as «art of mak- what must be suppressed.
ing presentations». Art indeed, as it requires a lot of your skills and  In rendering, facts should be expressed as plain statements,
knowledge of reconstructing and rearranging a written passage without with constant reference to the author of the passage. Try to
any considerable damage to its context and idea(s). avoid evaluative words and phrases in the body of the ren-
You may have to prepare rendering for two main purposes: dering, keep them for expressing your own opinion.
 one can read your rendering and won’t have to take up the  Figurative language is in most cases unsuitable
original passage. To master rendering you will need certain skills that are dis-
 one can read your rendering and decide for themselves if cussed further.
they need to take up the original passage or not.
Rendering can’t be produced without thorough comprehension Note: Rendering is, so to say, a working name for a type of edu-
of the passage. Dividing the text into logical parts and singling out the cational activity/exercise commonly used in Russian Uni-
main idea of each of them can be an essential help in understanding the versities. In British and American Universities a term «ab-
passage. You will have to read the original more than once. stracting» or «summarizing» is used to mean an inde-
All methods of rendering are based on the notional compression pendent work (not a step in the process of rendering as we
of the text, which presupposes the elimination of all types of redun- view it here) and is also translated into Russian as «рефе-
dancy, i.e. elements that repeat each other. рирование». An abstract is usually done in written form
A rendering is a text based on the notional compression of the and presupposes no personal opinion or interpretation (for
original with the aim of rendering its general matter. The material in a more information see Unit V).
rendering is presented from the point of view of the author of the origi-
nal and does not include any elements of interpretation or evaluation.
Rendering can be performed with two aims: informative and educa-
tional. Since the objective of this textbook is to provide you with tools
for oral rendering in the framework of Conversation Practice lessons,
you will still be asked to give your opinion of the original text at the
end of your rendering.
A rendering is usually kept to the following structure:
 introduction, where you provide all necessary background in-
formation such as the title and source of the passage and state
the main idea
 the body, where the main idea is revealed
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