Составители:
Рубрика:
17
ɍɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɦ ɧɢɩɩɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɪɟɡɶɛɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɪɵ ɪɟɡɶɛɚ ɝɚɣɤɢ
ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɨɦ.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɲɬɭɰɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɝɨ
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ (ɪɢɫ. 14).
Ɏɥɚɧɰɟɜɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ
ɫ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɦɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ.
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɥɟɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ.
Ɍɟɥɟɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɯ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɫɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɫɚ ɬɪɭɛ.
ɉɨɥɨɦɤɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɚɪɤɢ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɢɩɚɣɤɢ ɧɢɩɩɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɞ ɡɚɠɢɦɚɦɢ
Ɋɢɫ. 13. ɇɢɩɩɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ:
1,5 – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ; 2 – ɧɢɩɩɟɥɶ; 3 – ɝɚɣɤɚ; 4 – ɤɨɧɭɫ
1
2
3
4
5
Ɋɢɫ. 14. ɒɬɭɰɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ:
1, 6 – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ; 2,5 – ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ;
3 – ɝɚɣɤɚ; 4 – ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ
1
2
3
4
5
6
17
1 2 3 4 5
Ɋɢɫ. 13. ɇɢɩɩɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ:
1,5 – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ; 2 – ɧɢɩɩɟɥɶ; 3 – ɝɚɣɤɚ; 4 – ɤɨɧɭɫ
ɍɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɦ ɧɢɩɩɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɪɟɡɶɛɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɪɵ ɪɟɡɶɛɚ ɝɚɣɤɢ
ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɨɦ.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɲɬɭɰɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɝɨ
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ (ɪɢɫ. 14).
1 2 3 4 5 6
Ɋɢɫ. 14. ɒɬɭɰɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ:
1, 6 – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ; 2,5 – ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ;
3 – ɝɚɣɤɚ; 4 – ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ
Ɏɥɚɧɰɟɜɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɦɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ.
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɥɟɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ.
Ɍɟɥɟɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɯ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɫɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɫɚ ɬɪɭɛ.
ɉɨɥɨɦɤɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɚɪɤɢ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɢɩɚɣɤɢ ɧɢɩɩɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɞ ɡɚɠɢɦɚɦɢ
