Основы измерений. Долгополов В.Т. - 37 стр.

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МФТИ | Москва

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iblZxs__ gZijy`_gb_. >ey wlh]h gm`gh ij_^mkfhlj_lv ^\Z bklhqgbdZ ihklhyggh]h lhdZ,
dhlhju_, dZd wlh ihdZaZgh gZ jbk. 39, ih^dexqZxlky d khhl\_lkl\mxsbf \g_rgbf
\u\h^Zf HM. H[uqgh bgl_]jZevgu_ hi_jZpbhggu_ mkbebl_eb jZ[hlZxl k gZijy`_gb_f
iblZgby +/-15 <. < ^Zevg_cr_f, jZkkfZljb\Zy ko_fu gZ HM, fu, dZd ijZ\beh, g_ [m^_f
mdZau\Zlv \u\h^u iblZgby.
GZdhg_p, hq_gv \Z`gh_ h[klhyl_evkl\h: hi_jZpbhgguc mkbebl_ev ihqlb \k_]^Z
ho\Zq_g ]em[hdhc hljbpZl_evghc h[jZlghc k\yavx, k\hckl\Z dhlhjhc b hij_^_eyxl
k\hckl\Z ko_fu k HM.
Jbk.39.
Jbk. 40.
Ijbgpbi \\_^_gby hljbpZl_evghc h[jZlghc k\yab beexkljbjm_lky jbk.40. >ey
nbabq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ ko_fu, ij_^klZ\e_gghc gZ jbk.40, ^himklbf, qlh \oh^gh_
gZijy`_gb_ baf_gbehkv hl gmey ^h g_dhlhjh]h iheh`bl_evgh]h agZq_gby U
\o
. < i_j\uc
fhf_gl \uoh^gh_ gZijy`_gb_ U
\uo
, Z ke_^h\Zl_evgh, b gZijy`_gb_ h[jZlghc k\yab EU
\uo
lZd`_ jZ\gu gmex. Ijb wlhf gZijy`_gb_, ijbeh`_ggh_ dh \oh^m hi_jZpbhggh]h
mkbebl_ey, khklZ\bl U
^
= U
\o
. LZd dZd wlh gZijy`_gb_ mkbeb\Z_lky mkbebl_e_f k [hevrbf
dhwnnbpb_glhf mkbe_gby K
U
, lh \_ebqbgZ U
\uo
[ukljh \hajZkl_l ^h g_dhlhjh]h
iheh`bl_evgh]h agZq_gby b \f_kl_ k g_c \hajZkl_l lZd`_ \_ebqbgZ EU
\uo
. Wlh ijb\_^_l d
mf_gvr_gbx gZijy`_gby U
^
, ijbeh`_ggh]h dh \oh^m mkbebl_ey. Lhl nZdl, qlh \uoh^gh_
gZijy`_gb_ \ha^_ckl\m_l gZ \oh^gh_ gZijy`_gb_, ijbq_f lZd, qlh wlh \ebygb_
gZijZ\e_gh \ klhjhgm, ijhlb\hiheh`gmx baf_g_gbyf \oh^ghc \_ebqbgu b _klv
ijhy\e_gb_ hljbpZl_evghc h[jZlghc k\yab. Ihke_ ^hklb`_gby mklhcqb\h]h khklhygby
\uoh^gh_ gZijy`_gb_ HM
U
\uo
=K
U
U
^
=K
U
(U
\o
- E
U
\uo
).
J_rb\ wlh mjZ\g_gb_ hlghkbl_evgh U
\uo
, ihemqbf:
K=U
\uo
/U
\o
=K
U
/(1 + E
K
U
)
Ijb EKU >>1 dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby HM, ho\Zq_ggh]h h[jZlghc k\yavx khklZ\bl 
iblZxs__ gZijy`_gb_. >ey wlh]h gm`gh ij_^mkfhlj_lv ^\Z bklhqgbdZ ihklhyggh]h lhdZ,
dhlhju_, dZd wlh ihdZaZgh gZ jbk. 39, ih^dexqZxlky d khhl\_lkl\mxsbf \g_rgbf
\u\h^Zf HM. H[uqgh bgl_]jZevgu_ hi_jZpbhggu_ mkbebl_eb jZ[hlZxl k gZijy`_gb_f
iblZgby +/-15 <. < ^Zevg_cr_f, jZkkfZljb\Zy ko_fu gZ HM, fu, dZd ijZ\beh, g_ [m^_f
mdZau\Zlv \u\h^u iblZgby.

       GZdhg_p, hq_gv \Z`gh_ h[klhyl_evkl\h: hi_jZpbhgguc mkbebl_ev ihqlb \k_]^Z
ho\Zq_g ]em[hdhc hljbpZl_evghc h[jZlghc k\yavx, k\hckl\Z dhlhjhc b hij_^_eyxl
k\hckl\Z ko_fu k HM.




                                           Jbk.39.




                                           Jbk. 40.

   Ijbgpbi \\_^_gby hljbpZl_evghc h[jZlghc k\yab beexkljbjm_lky jbk.40. >ey
nbabq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ ko_fu, ij_^klZ\e_gghc gZ jbk.40, ^himklbf, qlh \oh^gh_
gZijy`_gb_ baf_gbehkv hl gmey ^h g_dhlhjh]h iheh`bl_evgh]h agZq_gby U\o. < i_j\uc
fhf_gl \uoh^gh_ gZijy`_gb_ U\uo, Z ke_^h\Zl_evgh, b gZijy`_gb_ h[jZlghc k\yab EU\uo
lZd`_ jZ\gu gmex. Ijb wlhf gZijy`_gb_, ijbeh`_ggh_ dh \oh^m hi_jZpbhggh]h
mkbebl_ey, khklZ\bl U^ = U\o. LZd dZd wlh gZijy`_gb_ mkbeb\Z_lky mkbebl_e_f k [hevrbf
dhwnnbpb_glhf mkbe_gby KU, lh \_ebqbgZ U\uo [ukljh \hajZkl_l ^h g_dhlhjh]h
iheh`bl_evgh]h agZq_gby b \f_kl_ k g_c \hajZkl_l lZd`_ \_ebqbgZ EU\uo. Wlh ijb\_^_l d
mf_gvr_gbx gZijy`_gby U^, ijbeh`_ggh]h dh \oh^m mkbebl_ey. Lhl nZdl, qlh \uoh^gh_
gZijy`_gb_ \ha^_ckl\m_l gZ \oh^gh_ gZijy`_gb_, ijbq_f lZd, qlh wlh \ebygb_
gZijZ\e_gh \ klhjhgm, ijhlb\hiheh`gmx baf_g_gbyf \oh^ghc \_ebqbgu b _klv
ijhy\e_gb_ hljbpZl_evghc h[jZlghc k\yab. Ihke_ ^hklb`_gby mklhcqb\h]h khklhygby
\uoh^gh_ gZijy`_gb_ HM

                                U\uo =KUU^ =KU(U\o - EU\uo).

   J_rb\ wlh mjZ\g_gb_ hlghkbl_evgh U\uo, ihemqbf:

                                 K=U\uo /U\o =KU/(1 + EKU)

   Ijb EKU >>1 dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby HM, ho\Zq_ggh]h h[jZlghc k\yavx khklZ\bl

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