Основы измерений. Долгополов В.Т. - 38 стр.

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МФТИ | Москва

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K # 1/E
LZdbf h[jZahf, ba wlh]h khhlghr_gby ke_^m_l, qlh dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby HM k
h[jZlghc k\yavx hij_^_ey_lky ihqlb bkdexqbl_evgh lhevdh h[jZlghc k\yavx b fZeh
aZ\bkbl hl iZjZf_ljh\ kZfh]h mkbebl_ey. < ijhkl_cr_f kemqZ_ p_iv h[jZlghc k\yab
ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc j_abklb\guc ^_ebl_ev gZijy`_gby. Ijb wlhf ko_fZ k HM jZ[hlZ_l dZd
ebg_cguc mkbebl_ev, dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby dhlhjh]h hij_^_ey_lky lhevdh
dhwnnbpb_glhf hkeZ[e_gby p_ib h[jZlghc k\yab. ?keb \ dZq_kl\_ p_ib h[jZlghc k\yab
ijbf_gy_lky RC-p_iv, lh h[jZam_lky Zdlb\guc nbevlj. GZdhg_p, \dexq_gb_ \ p_iv
h[jZlghc k\yab HM ^bh^h\ b ljZgabklhjh\ iha\hey_l j_Zebah\Zlv g_ebg_cgu_
ij_h[jZah\Zgby kb]gZeh\ k \ukhdhc lhqghklvx.
>ey mykg_gby ijbgpbih\ ^_ckl\by ko_f gZ HM b ijb[eb`_ggh]h bo ZgZebaZ
hdZau\Z_lky ihe_aguf \\_klb ihgylb_ b^_Zevgh]h hi_jZpbhggh]h mkbebl_ey. ;m^_f
gZau\Zlv b^_Zevguf hi_jZpbhgguc mkbebl_ev, dhlhjuc bf__l ke_^mxsb_ k\hckl\Z:
a. [_kdhg_qgh [hevrhc ^bnn_j_gpbZevguc dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby ih gZijy`_gbx
K
U
='U
\uo
/'(U
1
- U
2
) (m j_Zevguo HM hl 1 luk. ^h 100 feg.);
b. gme_\h_ gZijy`_gb_ kf_s_gby gmey U
kf
, l._. ijb jZ\_gkl\_ \oh^guo gZijy`_gbc
\uoh^gh_ gZijy`_gb_ jZ\gh gmex (m j_Zevguo HM U
kf
, ijb\_^_ggh_ dh \oh^m,
gZoh^blky \ ij_^_eZo hl 5 fd< ^h 50 f<);
c. gme_\u_ \oh^gu_ lhdb (m j_Zevguo HM hl khluo ^he_c i: ^h _^bgbp fd:);
d. gme_\h_ \uoh^gh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ (m j_Zevguo fZehfhsguo HM hl ^_kyldh\ Hf ^h
_^bgbp dHf);
e. dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby kbgnZagh]h kb]gZeZ jZ\_g gmex;
f]gh\_gguc hldebd gZ baf_g_gb_ \oh^guo kb]gZeh\ (m j_Zevguo HM \j_fy mklZgh\e_gby
\uoh^gh]h gZijy`_gby hl _^bgbp gZghk_dmg^ ^h khl_g fbdjhk_dmg^
>bnn_j_gpbZevgh_ \dexq_gb_ hi_jZpbhgguo mkbebl_e_c.
Ijbf_j ^bnn_j_gpbZevgh]h \dexq_gby hi_jZpbhggh]h mkbebl_ey ihdZaZg gZ Jbk.
41.
Jbk.41.
GZ jbk.41 ijb\_^_gZ ko_fZ ^bnn_j_gpbZevgh]h \dexq_gby HM. GZc^_f aZ\bkbfhklv
\uoh^gh]h gZijy`_gby HM hl \oh^guo gZijy`_gbc. <ke_^kl\b_ k\hckl\Z Z) b^_Zevgh]h
hi_jZpbhggh]h mkbebl_ey jZaghklv ihl_gpbZeh\ f_`^m _]h \oh^Zfb p b n jZ\gZ gmex.
Khhlghr_gb_ f_`^m \oh^guf gZijy`_gb_f U
1
b gZijy`_gb_f U
p
f_`^m
g_bg\_jlbjmxsbf \oh^hf b h[s_c rbghc hij_^_ey_lky dhwnnbpb_glhf ^_e_gby
^_ebl_ey gZ j_abklhjZo R
3
b R
4
:
U
p
= U
1
R
4
/(R
3
+R
4
) 
                                         K # 1/E

   LZdbf h[jZahf, ba wlh]h khhlghr_gby ke_^m_l, qlh dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby HM k
h[jZlghc k\yavx hij_^_ey_lky ihqlb bkdexqbl_evgh lhevdh h[jZlghc k\yavx b fZeh
aZ\bkbl hl iZjZf_ljh\ kZfh]h mkbebl_ey. < ijhkl_cr_f kemqZ_ p_iv h[jZlghc k\yab
ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc j_abklb\guc ^_ebl_ev gZijy`_gby. Ijb wlhf ko_fZ k HM jZ[hlZ_l dZd
ebg_cguc mkbebl_ev, dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby dhlhjh]h hij_^_ey_lky lhevdh
dhwnnbpb_glhf hkeZ[e_gby p_ib h[jZlghc k\yab. ?keb \ dZq_kl\_ p_ib h[jZlghc k\yab
ijbf_gy_lky RC-p_iv, lh h[jZam_lky Zdlb\guc nbevlj. GZdhg_p, \dexq_gb_ \ p_iv
h[jZlghc k\yab HM ^bh^h\ b ljZgabklhjh\ iha\hey_l j_Zebah\Zlv g_ebg_cgu_
ij_h[jZah\Zgby kb]gZeh\ k \ukhdhc lhqghklvx.

   >ey mykg_gby ijbgpbih\ ^_ckl\by ko_f gZ HM b ijb[eb`_ggh]h bo ZgZebaZ
hdZau\Z_lky ihe_aguf \\_klb ihgylb_ b^_Zevgh]h hi_jZpbhggh]h mkbebl_ey. ;m^_f
gZau\Zlv b^_Zevguf hi_jZpbhgguc mkbebl_ev, dhlhjuc bf__l ke_^mxsb_ k\hckl\Z:

   a. [_kdhg_qgh [hevrhc ^bnn_j_gpbZevguc dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby ih gZijy`_gbx
      KU='U\uo /'(U1 - U2) (m j_Zevguo HM hl 1 luk. ^h 100 feg.);
   b. gme_\h_ gZijy`_gb_ kf_s_gby gmey Ukf, l._. ijb jZ\_gkl\_ \oh^guo gZijy`_gbc
      \uoh^gh_ gZijy`_gb_ jZ\gh gmex (m j_Zevguo HM Ukf, ijb\_^_ggh_ dh \oh^m,
      gZoh^blky \ ij_^_eZo hl 5 fd< ^h 50 f<);
   c. gme_\u_ \oh^gu_ lhdb (m j_Zevguo HM hl khluo ^he_c i: ^h _^bgbp fd:);
   d. gme_\h_ \uoh^gh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ (m j_Zevguo fZehfhsguo HM hl ^_kyldh\ Hf ^h
      _^bgbp dHf);
   e. dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby kbgnZagh]h kb]gZeZ jZ\_g gmex;

f]gh\_gguc hldebd gZ baf_g_gb_ \oh^guo kb]gZeh\ (m j_Zevguo HM \j_fy mklZgh\e_gby
\uoh^gh]h gZijy`_gby hl _^bgbp gZghk_dmg^ ^h khl_g fbdjhk_dmg^
>bnn_j_gpbZevgh_ \dexq_gb_ hi_jZpbhgguo mkbebl_e_c.
      Ijbf_j ^bnn_j_gpbZevgh]h \dexq_gby hi_jZpbhggh]h mkbebl_ey ihdZaZg gZ Jbk.
41.




                                      Jbk.41.

   GZ jbk.41 ijb\_^_gZ ko_fZ ^bnn_j_gpbZevgh]h \dexq_gby HM. GZc^_f aZ\bkbfhklv
\uoh^gh]h gZijy`_gby HM hl \oh^guo gZijy`_gbc.

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