Основы измерений. Долгополов В.Т. - 40 стр.

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МФТИ | Москва

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<uoh^gh_ gZijy`_gb_ mkbebl_ey \ bg\_jlbjmxs_f \dexq_gbb gZoh^blky \ ijhlb\hnZa_
ih hlghr_gbx dh \oh^ghfm. Dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby \oh^gh]h kb]gZeZ ih gZijy`_gbx
wlhc ko_fu \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl khhlghr_gby khijhlb\e_gbc j_abklhjh\ fh`_l [ulv dZd
[hevr_, lZd b f_gvr_ _^bgbpu.
GZc^_f \oh^gh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ ko_fu. Ihkdhevdm gZijy`_gb_ gZ
g_bg\_jlbjmxs_f \oh^_ hlghkbl_evgh h[s_c rbgu jZ\gh gmex, kh]eZkgh k\hckl\m Z)
b^_Zevgh]h HM \oh^ghc lhd ko_fu I
1
= U
2
/ R
1
. Ke_^h\Zl_evgh, \oh^gh_ khijhlb\e_gb_
ko_fu R
\o
= R
1
. Ihkdhevdm gZijy`_gb_ gZ g_bg\_jlbjmxs_f \oh^_ mkbebl_ey jZ\gh
gmex, Z kh]eZkgh k\hckl\m Z) b^_Zevgh]h HM jZaghklv ihl_gpbZeh\ f_`^m _]h \oh^Zfb
jZ\gZ gmex, lh bg\_jlbjmxsbc \oh^ \ wlhc ko_f_ bgh]^Z gZau\Zxl \bjlmZevguf (l._.
\hh[jZ`Z_fuf) gme_f. K ^jm]hc klhjhgu, \uoh^gh_ gZijy`_gb_ jZ\gh U
\uo
= -R
2
I
1
. Ijb
mkeh\bb R
2
>> R
1
, Hm \ bg\_jlbjmxs_f \dexq_gbb fh`_l kem`blv ij_h[jZah\Zl_e_f
(dhg\_jl_jhf) lhd-gZijy`_gb_.
G_bg\_jlbjmxs__ \dexq_gb_.
Ijb g_bg\_jlbjmxs_f \dexq_gbb \oh^ghc kb]gZe ih^Z_lky gZ g_bg\_jlbjmxsbc
\oh^ HM, Z gZ bg\_jlbjmxsbc \oh^ q_j_a ^_ebl_ev gZ j_abklhjZo R
1
b R
2
ihklmiZ_l
kb]gZe k \uoh^Z mkbebl_ey (jbk. 43). A^_kv dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby ko_fu K gZc^_f,
iheh`b\ \ U
2
= 0, R
3
= 0, R
4
[_kdhg_qgh \_ebdh. Ihemqbf:
Jbk.43.
DZd \b^gh, a^_kv \uoh^ghc kb]gZe kbgnZa_g \oh^ghfm. Dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby ih
gZijy`_gbx g_ fh`_l [ulv f_gvr_ _^bgbpu. < ij_^_evghf kemqZ_, _keb \uoh^ HM
gZdhjhldh kh_^bg_g k bg\_jlbjmxsbf \oh^hf, wlhl dhwnnbpb_gl jZ\_g _^bgbp_. LZdb_
ko_fu gZau\Zxl g_bg\_jlbjmxsbfb ih\lhjbl_eyfb b ba]hlZ\eb\Zxl k_jbcgh \ \b^_
hl^_evguo BFK ih g_kdhevdm mkbebl_e_c \ h^ghf dhjimk_. <oh^gh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ wlhc
ko_fu \ b^_Ze_ - [_kdhg_qgh.
<gmlj_ggyy kljmdlmjZ hi_jZpbhggh]h mkbebl_ey.
J_Zevguc hi_jZpbhgguc mkbebl_ev ^he`_g h[eZ^Zlv ke_^mxsbfb k\hckl\Zfb: 
> R1, Hm \ bg\_jlbjmxs_f \dexq_gbb fh`_l kem`blv ij_h[jZah\Zl_e_f
(dhg\_jl_jhf) lhd-gZijy`_gb_.

G_bg\_jlbjmxs__ \dexq_gb_.

      Ijb g_bg\_jlbjmxs_f \dexq_gbb \oh^ghc kb]gZe ih^Z_lky gZ g_bg\_jlbjmxsbc
\oh^ HM, Z gZ bg\_jlbjmxsbc \oh^ q_j_a ^_ebl_ev gZ j_abklhjZo R1 b R2 ihklmiZ_l
kb]gZe k \uoh^Z mkbebl_ey (jbk. 43). A^_kv dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby ko_fu K gZc^_f,
iheh`b\ \ U2 = 0, R3 = 0, R4 [_kdhg_qgh \_ebdh. Ihemqbf:




                                     Jbk.43.

DZd \b^gh, a^_kv \uoh^ghc kb]gZe kbgnZa_g \oh^ghfm. Dhwnnbpb_gl mkbe_gby ih
gZijy`_gbx g_ fh`_l [ulv f_gvr_ _^bgbpu. < ij_^_evghf kemqZ_, _keb \uoh^ HM
gZdhjhldh kh_^bg_g k bg\_jlbjmxsbf \oh^hf, wlhl dhwnnbpb_gl jZ\_g _^bgbp_. LZdb_
ko_fu gZau\Zxl g_bg\_jlbjmxsbfb ih\lhjbl_eyfb b ba]hlZ\eb\Zxl k_jbcgh \ \b^_
hl^_evguo BFK ih g_kdhevdm mkbebl_e_c \ h^ghf dhjimk_.

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