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7
# Read and translate the text in a written form in order to compare
the definition of “terrorism” in different countries:
GOVERNMENT DEFINITIONS OF TERRORISM
Legal statutes in most countries around the world regard terrorism
as a crime. Yet there is considerable variation in how these laws define
terrorism, even in countries whose laws derive from a common origin.
In the United Kingdom, for example, legislation titled Terrorist
Act 2000 states that terrorism is “the use or threat of action … designed
to influence the government or to intimidate the public or a section of the
public … for the purpose of advancing a political, religious or ideological
cause”. The legal system and code of law of the United Kingdom has
influenced those of the United States, Canada, and Israel.
United States federal statute defines terrorism as “violent acts or
acts dangerous to human life that … appear to be intended (i) to intimi-
date or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a gov-
ernment by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a
government by assassination or kidnapping”. This definition appears in
United States Code, Title 18, Section 2331 (18 USC 2331).
Canada’s Anti-terrorism Act (Bill C-36) designates “terrorist activ-
ity” as “an act or omission … that is committed in whole or in part for a
political, religious or ideological purpose, objective or cause and in
whole or in part with the intention of intimidating the public, or a seg-
ment of the public, with regard to its security, including its economic
security, or compelling a person, a government or a domestic or an inter-
national organization to do or to refrain from doing any act, whether the
person, government or organization is inside or outside Canada…”
Israeli law does not address terrorism specifically. But in the Preven-
tion of Terrorism Ordinance No. 33, it defines a terrorist organization as “a
body of persons resorting in its activities to acts of violence calculated to
cause death or injury to a person or to threats of such acts of violence”.
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# Translate the words with the same roots:
To violate – violent – violence – violation
To criminalize – criminal – crime – criminality
To legislate – legislative – legislation
To legalize – legal – legality / legalization – legally
To punish – punishable – punitive – punishment
To convict – conviction – a convict
To justify – just – justice – justification – justly
To terrorize – terrorist – terrorism – terror
# Read the text and point out the causes of terrorism:
CAUSES OF TERRORISM
Terrorism has occurred throughout history for a variety of reasons.
Its causes can be historical, cultural, political, social, psychological, eco-
nomic, or religious – or any combination of these. Some countries have
proven to be particularly susceptible to terrorism at certain times, as Italy
and West Germany were during the 1970s. Terrorist violence escalated
precipitously in those two countries for a decade before declining equally
dramatically. Other countries, such as Canada and The Netherlands, have
proven to be more resistant, and have experienced only a few isolated
terrorist incidents.
In general, democratic countries have provided more fertile ground
for terrorism because of the open nature of their societies. In such socie-
ties citizens have fundamental rights, civil liberties are legally protected,
and government control and constant surveillance of its citizens and their
activities is absent. By the same token, repressive societies, in which the
government closely monitors citizens and restricts their speech and
movement, have often provided more difficult environments for terror-
ists. But even police states have not been immune to terrorism, despite
limiting civil liberties and forbidding free speech and rights of assembly.
Examples include Russia under tsarist rule and the Communist-ruled Un-
ion of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as the People's Republic of
China, Myanmar, and Laos.
# Read and translate the text in a written form in order to compare # Translate the words with the same roots:
the definition of “terrorism” in different countries: To violate – violent – violence – violation
To criminalize – criminal – crime – criminality
To legislate – legislative – legislation
GOVERNMENT DEFINITIONS OF TERRORISM
To legalize – legal – legality / legalization – legally
Legal statutes in most countries around the world regard terrorism
To punish – punishable – punitive – punishment
as a crime. Yet there is considerable variation in how these laws define
To convict – conviction – a convict
terrorism, even in countries whose laws derive from a common origin.
To justify – just – justice – justification – justly
In the United Kingdom, for example, legislation titled Terrorist
To terrorize – terrorist – terrorism – terror
Act 2000 states that terrorism is “the use or threat of action … designed
to influence the government or to intimidate the public or a section of the
public … for the purpose of advancing a political, religious or ideological # Read the text and point out the causes of terrorism:
cause”. The legal system and code of law of the United Kingdom has
influenced those of the United States, Canada, and Israel. CAUSES OF TERRORISM
United States federal statute defines terrorism as “violent acts or Terrorism has occurred throughout history for a variety of reasons.
acts dangerous to human life that … appear to be intended (i) to intimi- Its causes can be historical, cultural, political, social, psychological, eco-
date or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a gov- nomic, or religious – or any combination of these. Some countries have
ernment by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a proven to be particularly susceptible to terrorism at certain times, as Italy
government by assassination or kidnapping”. This definition appears in and West Germany were during the 1970s. Terrorist violence escalated
United States Code, Title 18, Section 2331 (18 USC 2331). precipitously in those two countries for a decade before declining equally
Canada’s Anti-terrorism Act (Bill C-36) designates “terrorist activ- dramatically. Other countries, such as Canada and The Netherlands, have
ity” as “an act or omission … that is committed in whole or in part for a proven to be more resistant, and have experienced only a few isolated
political, religious or ideological purpose, objective or cause and in terrorist incidents.
whole or in part with the intention of intimidating the public, or a seg- In general, democratic countries have provided more fertile ground
ment of the public, with regard to its security, including its economic for terrorism because of the open nature of their societies. In such socie-
security, or compelling a person, a government or a domestic or an inter- ties citizens have fundamental rights, civil liberties are legally protected,
national organization to do or to refrain from doing any act, whether the and government control and constant surveillance of its citizens and their
person, government or organization is inside or outside Canada…” activities is absent. By the same token, repressive societies, in which the
Israeli law does not address terrorism specifically. But in the Preven- government closely monitors citizens and restricts their speech and
tion of Terrorism Ordinance No. 33, it defines a terrorist organization as “a movement, have often provided more difficult environments for terror-
body of persons resorting in its activities to acts of violence calculated to ists. But even police states have not been immune to terrorism, despite
cause death or injury to a person or to threats of such acts of violence”. limiting civil liberties and forbidding free speech and rights of assembly.
Examples include Russia under tsarist rule and the Communist-ruled Un-
ion of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as the People's Republic of
China, Myanmar, and Laos.
7 8
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