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2.6 There are 8 steps in making films, 4 of them are missing in the chart be-
low. Fill in the blanks with the missing steps.
1.
?
2.THE SCRIPT
A film script is devel-
oped in three stages.
First, there's a short
outline of the story-
then a longer, more
detailed 'treatment',
and finally a complete
'shooting script'.
8. RELEASE
Finally, the film is given a
certificate (U, PG, 15 or 18)
and released. After that, eve-
rything depends on the audi-
ence. Not just the cinema
audience, though. These days
video rentals are important,
too. They can often decide
whether a film is a financial
success or not. And if it is a
success? Well – then it's eas-
ier for everyone involved to
develop another idea.
3.
?
H
H
O
O
W
W
A
A
F
F
I
I
L
L
M
M
I
I
S
S
M
M
A
A
D
D
E
E
7.
?
4. PRE-
PRODUCTION
OK – now there's a
script and enough
money to make the film.
But there's still a lot of
preparation to do before
the director shouts
"Action!". This is called
"pre-production" and it
includes: (a) casting,
(b) finding locations,
(c) building sets,
(d) making costumes.
6. POST-
PRODUCTION
Once shooting is
finished, post-
production begins.
This is when the
film is (a) edited (b)
has the soundtrack
added to it (c) is
dubbed or sub-titled
for foreign audi-
ences.
5.
?
3.1 Below is an article on The History of Cinema. Its seven paragraphs are
out of order. Put them in the correct order and answer the questions af-
ter the article.
A The two came together in the middle of the 19th century. That's when
photos were first used in 'magic lanterns'. Before then, these early projec-
tors had used glass slides. The pictures on these slides were painted by
hand and very expensive. In comparison, photos were cheap and easy to
produce.
14
B Moving images have always been popular. In China, for example, there
were 'shadow plays' 5,000 years ago. These used firelight to project im-
ages of puppets onto screens. So projection is a very old idea. But cinema
only became possible when this old Asian idea met a new European one –
photography.
C Before cinema could be born, one last invention was necessary – a quiet
machine able to project high-quality pictures onto a large screen. And the
men who produced that were two French brothers from the city of Lyons.
D So─by 1850 projection and photography had come together. But the re-
sult still wasn't 'cinema'. How could it be when the pictures didn't move?
The solution to that problem came in several stages.
E "The Lumière Cinematograph" allowed large audiences to watch 'moving
pictures'. Its 'debut' took place on 28 December 1895 in a Paris cafe. That
day the Lumières showed several short films. They were all documenta-
ries. Afterwards, Auguste Lumière talked to reporters about his invention.
"It can be exploited for a certain time", he said, "but apart from this it has
no commercial value at all".
F In less than a year, cinemas had started to open in Europe and America.
G Recorded sound ended the silent era in 1927. That's when Al Johnson
both spoke and sang in "The Jazz Singer". His first words were "Wait a
minute, wait a minute folks. You ain't heard nothing yet!" Cinema goers
demanded more and more talking pictures. By 1930, audiences were up
from 57 million a week (1926) to 110 million a week.
H While World War One was fought in Europe, and for several years after,
the cinema pioneers made thousands of black and white films-comedies,
tragedies, fantasies, romances and historical dramas. This was 'the silent
era' of Charlie Chaplin, Rudolph Valentino, Clara Bow, Douglas Fair-
banks and Buster Keaton. It was called "silent" because there was no re-
corded sound.
▪ Where did cinema come from?
▪ What happened in the middle of the 19th century?
▪ When did the movie-making become profitable?
2.6 There are 8 steps in making films, 4 of them are missing in the chart be- B Moving images have always been popular. In China, for example, there
low. Fill in the blanks with the missing steps. were 'shadow plays' 5,000 years ago. These used firelight to project im-
ages of puppets onto screens. So projection is a very old idea. But cinema
1. 2.THE SCRIPT only became possible when this old Asian idea met a new European one –
A film script is devel-
oped in three stages.
photography.
8. RELEASE
Finally, the film is given a
? First, there's a short
outline of the story-
then a longer, more
3. C Before cinema could be born, one last invention was necessary – a quiet
machine able to project high-quality pictures onto a large screen. And the
certificate (U, PG, 15 or 18)
and released. After that, eve- detailed 'treatment', men who produced that were two French brothers from the city of Lyons.
rything depends on the audi- and finally a complete D So─by 1850 projection and photography had come together. But the re-
ence. Not just the cinema 'shooting script'.
audience, though. These days
video rentals are important,
too. They can often decide HOW A ? sult still wasn't 'cinema'. How could it be when the pictures didn't move?
The solution to that problem came in several stages.
E "The Lumière Cinematograph" allowed large audiences to watch 'moving
whether a film is a financial
success or not. And if it is a
success? Well – then it's eas-
ier for everyone involved to
FILM IS pictures'. Its 'debut' took place on 28 December 1895 in a Paris cafe. That
day the Lumières showed several short films. They were all documenta-
ries. Afterwards, Auguste Lumière talked to reporters about his invention.
develop another idea.
7. MADE 4. PRE-
"It can be exploited for a certain time", he said, "but apart from this it has
no commercial value at all".
6. POST- 5. PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION OK – now there's a F In less than a year, cinemas had started to open in Europe and America.
Once shooting is script and enough
finished, post- money to make the film. G Recorded sound ended the silent era in 1927. That's when Al Johnson
production begins. But there's still a lot of both spoke and sang in "The Jazz Singer". His first words were "Wait a
preparation to do before
?
This is when the
film is (a) edited (b)
has the soundtrack
added to it (c) is
? the director shouts
"Action!". This is called
"pre-production" and it
minute, wait a minute folks. You ain't heard nothing yet!" Cinema goers
demanded more and more talking pictures. By 1930, audiences were up
includes: (a) casting,
from 57 million a week (1926) to 110 million a week.
dubbed or sub-titled
for foreign audi- (b) finding locations, H While World War One was fought in Europe, and for several years after,
ences. (c) building sets,
(d) making costumes.
the cinema pioneers made thousands of black and white films-comedies,
tragedies, fantasies, romances and historical dramas. This was 'the silent
era' of Charlie Chaplin, Rudolph Valentino, Clara Bow, Douglas Fair-
3.1 Below is an article on The History of Cinema. Its seven paragraphs are banks and Buster Keaton. It was called "silent" because there was no re-
out of order. Put them in the correct order and answer the questions af- corded sound.
ter the article.
A The two came together in the middle of the 19th century. That's when ▪ Where did cinema come from?
photos were first used in 'magic lanterns'. Before then, these early projec- ▪ What happened in the middle of the 19th century?
tors had used glass slides. The pictures on these slides were painted by ▪ When did the movie-making become profitable?
hand and very expensive. In comparison, photos were cheap and easy to
produce.
13 14
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