Английский язык: Сборник текстов и упражнений. Дьякова Н.П. - 35 стр.

quently conflicting objectives and the needed consensus may not be achievable
without equitable distribution of benefits».
     These needs are widely recognised and accepted by fisheries management
agencies and interest groups worldwide, but there is still great uncertainty as to
how to implement an effective ecosystem management in practice. Conventional
fisheries management focuses on a single species or stock and generally assumes
that the productivity of that stock is a function only of its inherent population dy-
namics characteristics. However, even under this paradigm, fisheries management
has been, at best, only partially successful and major problems have emerged be-
cause of uncertainty about the status and dynamics of the stock, a tendency to
give priority to the short-term social and economic needs at the expense of the
longer-term sustainability of the stock, poorly defined objectives; and institutional
weaknesses, particularly in relation to the absence of long-term rights amongst the
different key stakeholders and decision-making structures and processes. As man-
agement expands its focus from target stock to ecosystem, all of these problems
increase in an exponential way and biological uncertainty becomes ecological un-
certainty which is even more complex, the number of competing users increases
as do the resulting conflicts of interest, objectives become more complex and con-
flicting, and the number of stakeholders is expanded to include all the users of all
the different ecosystem components. Of course, this expanding complexity is a
result of recognising the reality of the inter-dependence of all ecosystem compo-
nents, instead of the false assumption that stocks are independent. However, while
it is a major conceptual advance, the practical problems raised by this recognition
are immense. This is apparent from the list of 30 elements comprising the founda-
tion and components of ecosystem management suggested by the 5th Conference
of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Nevertheless, there are
pragmatic ways in which to begin implementation of ecosystem based fisheries
management, even as we strive for greater knowledge of ecosystem functioning
and how to deal with complex human institutions and societies.

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                                Text 13
             U.S. – RUSSIA MARINE MAMMALS WORKSHOP

    In 1977 an Agreement on Environment Protection was made between the USA
and the USSR. Under this Agreement a great work on protection, research, and
observation of sea otter was carried out. Current population of this marine mam-
mal in the Commander Islands is 6 thousand individuals. That allows us to speak
of full recovery of sea otter population in the Commander Islands and of only nat-
ural fluctuation. The same can be said of sea otter in Southern Kamchatka and in
Kuril Islands. Now Steller sea lion. In the end of 80th population of steller sea
lion greatly diminished in the USA and in our region. Both American and Russian
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