Компьютерная техника. Еремина Н.В. - 28 стр.

UptoLike

Составители: 

justify, acquire new knowledge, adapt, break rules, determine relevance and behave
as human experts do, will have to use a multitude of knowledge representations, that
lie in a space whose dimensions include deep and surface (representations),
qualitative/quantitative, approximate/exact, specific/general and
descriptive/prescriptive representations.
Expert systems, like human experts can have both deep and surface
representations of knowledge. Deep representations are causal models, categories
abstractions and analogies. In such cases, we try to represent an understanding of
structure and function. Surface representations are often empirical associations. With
surface representations, all the system knows is that an empirical association exists; it
is unable to explain why, beyond repeating the association. Systems, that use
knowledge represented in different forms have been termed multilevel systems.
Work is just beginning in building such multilevel systems, and they will be a
major research topic for this decade. Work needs to be done in studying and
representing in a general way the different problem-solving activities an expert does.
When you build expert systems, you realize that power behind them is that they
provide a regimen (управление): for experts to crystallize and codify their
knowledge and in the knowledge lies the power.
Answer the following questions based on the text:
1. What problems do expert systems usually solve? 2. How do they solve such
problems? 3. Who can develop expert systems? 4. What do they call multilevel
systems? 5. Why are multilevel systems of special interest?
5.2 Text II
Read the article carefully and answer the following questions: 1. What is
the principle of the action of an optical switch? 2. How far arc we from an
optical computer?
Europe leads research in optical computing
Until now, the switches inside computers have been electronic. European
scientists are going to demonstrate the world's first optical computer. This
justify, acquire new knowledge, adapt, break rules, determine relevance and behave
as human experts do, will have to use a multitude of knowledge representations, that
lie in a space whose dimensions include deep and surface (representations),
qualitative/quantitative,       approximate/exact,          specific/general         and
descriptive/prescriptive representations.
      Expert systems, like human experts can have both deep and surface
representations of knowledge. Deep representations are causal models, categories
abstractions and analogies. In such cases, we try to represent an understanding of
structure and function. Surface representations are often empirical associations. With
surface representations, all the system knows is that an empirical association exists; it
is unable to explain why, beyond repeating the association. Systems, that use
knowledge represented in different forms have been termed multilevel systems.
      Work is just beginning in building such multilevel systems, and they will be a
major research topic for this decade. Work needs to be done in studying and
representing in a general way the different problem-solving activities an expert does.
When you build expert systems, you realize that power behind them is that they
provide a regimen (управление): for experts to crystallize and codify their
knowledge and in the knowledge lies the power.
       Answer the following questions based on the text:
      1. What problems do expert systems usually solve? 2. How do they solve such
problems? 3. Who can develop expert systems? 4. What do they call multilevel
systems? 5. Why are multilevel systems of special interest?




      5.2 Text II
      Read the article carefully and answer the following questions: 1. What is
the principle of the action of an optical switch? 2. How far arc we from an
optical computer?
Europe leads research in optical computing

       Until now, the switches inside computers have been electronic. European
scientists are going to demonstrate the world's first optical computer. This