Мировая экономика и международный бизнес. Филиппова И.А. - 33 стр.

UptoLike

ВУЗ:

УлГТУ | Ульяновск

Составители:

Филиппова И.А.

Рубрика:

Экономика

130

ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɪɫɚ. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟ-

ɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ.

ȿɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤ-

ɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. Ɇɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɭɪɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-

ɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɭ-

ɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ, ɜɵɩɥɚɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɲɥɢɧ, ɨɛɦɟɧ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɚ-

ɥɸɬɵ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ-

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ 2003 ɝ. ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɛɵɥ

ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɛɚɫɬɨɜɤɢ, ɞɥɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ

ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɪɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ. ȼɚɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ

ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ

Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ

ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɨɬ-

ɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫ-

ɥɭɝɢ, ɚɜɢɚɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ

ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ-

ɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ-

ɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɮɟ-

ɪɟ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ 33%; ɜ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɟ ɷɬɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹ-

ɟɬ 49%. ɇɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɚɯ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢ-

ɱɟɧɚ 30%, ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ – 40%. ȼ ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢ-

ɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ,

ɤɚɤ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ

ɪɚɞɢɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɤɚɬ ɮɢɥɶɦɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɟɨɤɚɫɫɟɬ. ȼ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ

ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɚɜɢɚɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɬɚɪɢɮɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɱɟɦ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧ-

ɧɵɟ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɱɟ-

ɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ; ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɧɢ

ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.

ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɬɚɪɢɮɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚ-

ɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢ-

ɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɬɚɪɢɮɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɩɪɚ-

ɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ.

9.3. ɋɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ.

ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ

Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɰɢɨ-

ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ ɫ

ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ ɢ Ʉɟɧɢɢ

ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

131

ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ; ɜɬɨɠɟ

ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɂɧɞɢɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɚ. ȼ

Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɵ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ,

ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ, ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɚɹ, ɥɟɝɤɚɹ ɢ ɨɛɭɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼɆɚɥɚɣ-

ɡɢɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬ-

ɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ

ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ.

ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɮɟɞɟ-

ɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɫ-

ɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɢɩ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɤɥɨɧɢɬɶ

ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ

ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ

, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɞɨɩɨɥ-

ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨ-

ɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ: ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɥɨɝɚ ɧɚ

ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨ-

ɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ

ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɞɨɪɨɝ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɋɨɩɟɪɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ

ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ

ɫɜɨɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ

ɤɨɧɰɟ 2000 ɝ. ɲɬɚɬ Ɍɟɯɚɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Toyota ɩɚɤɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ

ɥɶɝɨɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ $133 ɦɥɧ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɟɦɭ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɛɨɣɬɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ

ɲɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ.

ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɧɚ

ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨ-

ɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɦɢ

ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ

ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɫ-

ɬɢɱɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ-

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. ɋɭɞɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɨɛɨɣɧɚɹ ɩɪɨ-

ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɟɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɝɞɟ

ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ

ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ. ȼ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ

ɩɪɨɢɝɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɟɞ-

ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɵ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɚɹ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɣ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɢɢ.

ȼɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ

(foreign trade zone, FTZ) – ɷɬɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

ɪɚɣɨɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɶɝɨɬɧɵɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ

ɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɟ-

ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɭ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ

ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Caterpillar, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɝ. Ɇɨɫɜɢɥɶ, ɲɬɚɬ ɂɥɥɢɧɨɣɫ), ɞɨ ɩɥɨɳɚ-

ɞɟɣ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɒɟɧɶ-

ɱɠɟɧɶ, ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɳɢɣ ɫ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝɨɦ). ȼɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-

ɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɨɪɦɢ-

132

ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨ-

ɝɨ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ɇɚɜɪɢɤɢɣ ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪ-

ɝɨɜɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ, ɨɬɫɪɨɱɢɬɶ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ –

ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɲɥɢɧ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ

ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬ-

ɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ, ɢɡɛɟ-

ɝɚɹ ɭɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɲɥɢɧ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ maquiladora (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɟɫɩɨɲɥɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ

ɦɟɤɫɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ)

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɨɧ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ.

Maquiladora – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɜ

Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɟ; ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɬɢɩɚ Maquiladora ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬ-

ɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɋɒȺ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɦ-

ɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬ

ɤɭ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɛɨɪɤɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɨɬɨ-

ɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ. Ɍɨɜɚɪɵ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ Maquiladora, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ-

ɫɹ ɥɶɝɨɬɧɵɦ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ. ȼ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɟ ɧɟ ɜɡɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚ-

ɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɵ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ

ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

ɝɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɪɟɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɢ. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨ-

ɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɜɨɡɢɬɫɹ ɜ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɭ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ Maquiladora, ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɲɥɢɧ. ȼ ɋɒȺ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨ-

ɞɭɤɰɢɸ, ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ Maquiladora, ɜɡɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨ

ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨ-

ɪɢɢ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɢ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-

ɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ Maquiladora, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɤɨ-

ɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ

ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ

ɋɟɜɟɪɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ (NAFTA) ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɬɚ-

ɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɶɝɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ Maqui-

ladora, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ

Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɟɤɫɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ

ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Ɇɨɧɬɟɪɪɟɣ ɢ ɋɚɥɶɬɢɥɶɨ), ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ

ɫ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɇɭɷɜɨ-Ʌɚɪɟɞɨ ɢ Ɇɚɬɚɦɨɪɨɫ) ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ

ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ,

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ.

ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ

ɍɫɩɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ

ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ (ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɛɨɪɤɚ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɫɭɩɟɪ-

ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ), ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ-

ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɩɪɨɞɚɠɧɨɟ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɚ-

ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ

ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɦ). ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɥɟ-

ɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Boeing ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ

133

Airbus ɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɚɜɢɚɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Air Canada ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɧɚ 200 ɦɟɫɬ

ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɚɜɢɚɥɢɧɢɹɯ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ,

ɫɚ-

ɦɨɥɟɬɭ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ Air Canada

ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɰɟɧɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟɩɪɨɞɚɠɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ.

ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ

ɫɵɝɪɚɬɶ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɫɬɪɨɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ.

ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬ-

ɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ,

ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ

ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ. ɗɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɋɒȺ, ɗɤɫɢɦɛɚɧɤ (Ex-

port-Import Bank, Eximbank), ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ-

ɰɢɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ ɢ

ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɦ; ɜ 2006 ɝ

. ɷɬɨɬ ɛɚɧɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ

2300 ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ $12,5 ɦɥɪɞ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ

Boeing, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɗɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɋɒȺ, ɨɞ-

ɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɛɚɧɤ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɨɜ. ɇɚ-

ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɗɤɫɢɦɛɚɧɤ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɢ ɩɨ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ

De Francisci Machine Corporation ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ $7,9 ɦɥɧ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ-

ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɧɶɸ-ɣɨɪɤɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ

ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɦɚɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɗɤɫɢɦɛɚɧɤ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɛɤɨɧ-

ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɸ

ɬɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɬ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɛɚɧɤɨɦ

. ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɒȺ, Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ

ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ (Overseas Private Investment Corporation, OPIC), ɨɛɟɫɩɟ-

ɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ. ȼ

ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɧɮɢɫɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ-

ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ OPIC ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɟɣ ɭɛɵɬɤɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜ-

ɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ, ɟɫɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-

ɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ,

ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ.

ɋɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ

ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ,

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɨɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɤɫ-

ɩɨɪɬɭ. ɇɟɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɦ

ɩɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ. ȼ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ

ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ-

ɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ.

ȼ ɋɒȺ ɠɚɥɨɛɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨ-

ɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞ-

ɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ (International Trade Adminstration, ITA). Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚ-

Заказать работу

Вы здесь

Мировая экономика и международный бизнес. Филиппова И.А. - 33 стр.

UptoLike

ВУЗ:

Филиппова И.А.

Экономика

Страницы