Мировая экономика и международный бизнес. Филиппова И.А. - 35 стр.

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138

ɐɟɥɶ GATT ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɨɫ-

ɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ

ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ ɜɵɝɨɞɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ. ɗɬɭ ɰɟɥɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɢ

ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ (ɆɇɄ). Ⱦɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ-

ɱɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ,

ɤɜɨɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɬɚɪɢɮɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ

ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪ-

ɝɨɜɥɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɜɲɢɯ GATT, ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟ-

ɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɡɦɚ. Ɂɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɭ-

ɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ GATT ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ «ɪɚɭɧɞɨɜ» ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ

ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɯ ɦɟɫɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɫɹ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ

ɪɚɭɧɞ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2.6.1.). ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɪɚɭɧɞɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ,

ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ GATT, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ.

Ɍɚɪɢɮɵ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɫɧɢɡɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɩɪɟ-

ɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ 40% ɜ 1948 ɝ., ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨ 3% ɜ 2003 ɝ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ

ɪɢɫ. 10.1., ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ GATT, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨ-

ɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ.

ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɭɸ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ

ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɱɚɫɬ-

ɧɢɤɢ GATT ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ-

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ

. ɗɬɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ

ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ (most favored nation, MFN), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɪɟ-

ɛɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɶɝɨɬɵ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɪɚɫ-

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ GATT, ɜɫɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ

ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨ-

ɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɋɨɟɞɢ-

ɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɡɨ-

ɜɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɞɨ 20%, ɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɨ-

ɛɢɥɟɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ – ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ GATT ɞɨ 20%. Ȼɥɚɝɨ-

ɞɚɪɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ GATT ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ-

ɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨ-

ɪɵ, ɱɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɨ ɪɨɥɶ GATT.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.6.1.

Ɋɚɭɧɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ GATT

Ɋɚɭɧɞ Ⱦɚɬɵ

Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ

ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ

ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ

ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ, %

ɀɟɧɟɜɚ 1947 23 35

Ⱥɧɧɟɫɢ 1949 13 33

Ɍɨɪɤɢ 1950-1951 38 25

ɀɟɧɟɜɚ 1956 26 28

Ⱦɢɥɥɨɧ 1960-1962 45 30

Ʉɟɧɧɟɞɢ 1964-1967 62 35

Ɍɨɤɢɨ 1973-1979 99 33

ɍɪɭɝɜɚɣ 1986-1994 117 36

139

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨ-

ɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

1. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɤ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ, ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ GATT ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ ɧɚ

ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ

ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ȼ ɬɚɪɢɮɧɨɦ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɟ ɋɒȺ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɤ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ «ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɶɝɨɬ» (generalized system of prefer-

ences). ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɶɝɨɬ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɜ

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɶɝɨɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɟ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨ-

ɪɨɧɵ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ.

Ɋɢɫ. 10.1. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɆɇɄ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɦ-

ɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɶɝɨɬ.

2. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫ-

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ȿɋ ɢ NAFTA.

ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ GATT ɛɵɥ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ-

ɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɜ

ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɵ-

ɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ GATT ɬɚɤɢɦ

ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɟɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɳɢ-

ɬɭ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ GATT ɩɪɟɞ-

ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ

140

ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ. Ɂɚɩɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɜɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟɬɚɪɢɮɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ

ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ

ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɦɟ-

ɧɟɟ «ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵ» ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɍɟɦ

ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ GATT ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ «ɥɚɡɟɣɤɢ», ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɲɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ

ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɜɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟɬɚɪɢɮɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ

ɛɟɡ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɢ. ɇɚ-

ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɜɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɚɪɚɯɢɫɚ, ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨ-

ɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ 1955 ɝ. ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɛ-

ɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ GATT, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹ-

ɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ-

ɫɬɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫ ɩɥɚɬɟɠ-

ɧɵɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ GATT ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɢ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ «ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ» ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ.

Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɍɪɭɝɜɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɭɧɞɚ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ

ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚɬɚɤɠɟ

ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ȼɌɈ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɜ

ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ GATT.

ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ

ȼɌɈ (World Trade Organization, WTO), ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɜ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ 1995 ɝ.

ɋɬɪɚɧɵ – ɱɥɟɧɵ ȼɌɈ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪ-

ɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ȼɌɈ. ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɪ

ɝɨɜɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ:

1) ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɢɫɤɪɢ-

ɦɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɨ-

ɫɬɚɜ ȼɌɈ;

2) ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ-

ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ;

3) ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤ-

ɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ – ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ȼɌɈ.

ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ GATT ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ

ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɯɢ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ; ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ GATT

ɫɬɚɥɨ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ȼɌɈ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɌɈ ɢ GATT

ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ GATT ɛɵɥɨ

ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ

, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ȼɌɈ

ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɢɪɟ: ɷɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ

ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ, ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ, ɡɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ

ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ. ȼɨ-

ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ȼɌɈ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɟ-

ɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ GATT.

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ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ

ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ:

– Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ. ɋɬɪɚɧɵ – ɱɥɟɧɵ ȼɌɈ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢ-

ɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ (ɜɫɟɦ

ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦ «ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ»).

ɋɬɪɚɧɵ – ɱɥɟɧɵ ȼɌɈ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ (

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɧɚ-

ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ»);

– ɋɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ – ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ȼɌɈ;

– ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ. ɋɬɪɚɧɵ – ɱɥɟɧɵ ȼɌɈ ɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶ

ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɬɚɪɢɮ-

ɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ) ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ;

– Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ. ȼɌɈ ɧɟ ɨɞɨɛɪɹɟɬ «ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɭɸ» ɬɨɪɝɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ,

ɬɚɤɭɸ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧ

ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ;

– ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼɌɈ ɩɪɟ-

ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚ-

ɰɢɸ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ

, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɨɪ-

ɝɨɜɥɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɥɶɝɨɬɵ.

Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ (General Agreement on

Trade in Services, GATS). Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ – ɷɬɨ

ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ȼɌɈ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɍɪɭɝɜɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚ-

ɭɧɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ

ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢ-

ɩɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɭɫ-

ɥɭɝɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-

ɧɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ (national treatment), ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɥɹ

ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɭɫ-

ɥɨɜɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ. ȼ 2000 ɝ. ɫɬɪɚɧɵ –

ɱɥɟɧɵ ȼɌɈ ɧɚɱɚ-

ɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɢ

ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɨɛ-

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ (Agreement on Trade Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, TRIPS).

ɇɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɡɚ-

ɤɨɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɥɤɭ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɳɟɦɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɧɚ-

ɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ

ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ, ɤɢɧɨɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɩɪɨ-

ɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɪɚɦ-

ɤɚɯ ɍɪɭɝɜɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɭɧɞɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɥɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶ-

ɧɭɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹ-

ɬɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ

, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ-

ɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɨɛ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ

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