ВУЗ:
Составители:
9
2. ʆˏʲˑˆ˕˓ʵˊʲ ˙ˣʲ˖˘ˊʲ
Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 – 12 ɫɨɬɨɤ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɡɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɭɸ
(ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ – ɜɴɟɡɞɧɭɸ) ɡɨɧɭ ɫ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɪɵɥɶɰɨɦ, ɝɚɪɚɠɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ, ɩɚɥɢɫɚɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɫ ɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɨɦ; ɠɢɥɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɨɦ, ɝɨɫɬɟɜɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ ɫ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɛɚɪɛɟɤɸ ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɫɬɪɢɳɟ ɢɡ ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɧɚ
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɨɡɟɪɰɚɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɚɧɟɰ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɨɝɧɹ ɜ ɬɟɫɧɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɭɡɟɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ, ɡɨɧɚ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ
ɢɝɪ (ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɟɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɬɟɞɠɚ), ɫɚɞɨɜɨ-ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɢ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ.
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ɂɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ, ɸɝɚ, ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɚ –
ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɨɝɨɪɨɞ, ɚ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɦ – ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ, ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɫɚɞɚ.
Ɂɚɬɟɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɡɚ ɞɨɦɨɦ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɥɢɛɨ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɧɭɠɞ, ɥɢɛɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ
ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ (ɫɚɞ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ, ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɭɝɨɥɨɤ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ «ɪɨɡɭ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ».
ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɬɬɟɞɠ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ
ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ (ɨɬɫɬɭɩ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 3 ɦ) ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɫɚɞɨɜɨ-ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɯɨɡɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɞɨɦɚ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɢɯɚɹ ɠɢɥɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ, ɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɦɨɦ ɢ ɜɴɟɡɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɫ ɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɨɦ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɦɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ, ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɨɦ, ɫɬɪɢɠɟɧɵɦ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɦ.
ȼ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɫɚɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɭ, ɧɨ
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɦ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦ
ɮɚɫɚɞɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɭɥɢɰɵ, ɚ ɤɪɵɥɶɰɨ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɫɛɨɤɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɢ ɫ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ, ɢɫ
ɫɚɞɨɜɨ-ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ, ɢ ɫ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ.
ȼ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɠɢɥɢɳɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɫɜɟɬɚ: ɨɤɧɚ ɫɩɚɥɟɧ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɸɝ,
ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤ; ɨɛɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ ɢɥɢ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ
(ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ) – ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɵ
ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɟɪɚɧɞɭ ɜ ɡɚɬɟɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ; ɤɭɯɧɸ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɢɥɢ
ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɤɧɚ ɤɭɯɧɢ
«ɫɦɨɬɪɹɬ» ɧɚ ɯɨɡɞɜɨɪ, ɟɳɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɤɭɯɧɹ – ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɡɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɤ
ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ
ɞɟɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɣ ɭɜɹɡɤɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ – ɧɟ «ɨɫɤɨɪɛɢɬɶ» ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ
ɢɥɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɭɱɧɨɣ ɭɥɢɰɵ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɭɦɟɥɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ (ɪɢɫ. 1).
ɍɞɚɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɨɡɞɚɞɭɬ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɫɚɞɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ. Ɂɚɩɚɯɢ, ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɹɪɤɭɸ ɝɚɦɦɭ ɷɦɨɰɢɣ, ɚ ɢɯ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɸɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɞɨɯɧɭɬɶ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ (ɪɢɫ. 2).
10
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ȼɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɭɫɚɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ. Ƚɟɧɩɥɚɧ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪ ɋ. Ɍɨɤɚɪɟɜɚ [12]
-
ɛɚɪɛɟɤɸ
11
Ɋɢɫ. 2. «Ʉɚɫɤɚɞ ɫɚɞɨɜ». ɗɫɤɢɡ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɭɫɚɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ. Ⱥɤɫɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪ ɋ. Ɍɨɤɚɪɟɜɚ [12]
Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ.
ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɬɬɟɞɠɚɯ: ɞɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɵ ɫ ɝɨɪɤɚɦɢ, ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ, ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɵ ɋɉȺ ɞɥɹ
ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɩɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɢɩɨɫɬɚɫɶɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɜɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɞɚɸɳɟɟ
ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɛɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ ɲɭɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɢɯɢɢ – ɮɨɧɬɚɧ
– ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɟɧ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɨɜ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɨɦ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
ɇɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ: ɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɢ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɚɥɶɩɢɣɫɤɢɟ
ɝɨɪɤɢ), ɝɚɡɨɧɵ, ɩɥɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɫ ɭɦɟɥɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɦɚɥɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɫɚɞɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɵ (ɪɢɫ. 3, 4).
12
Ɋɢɫ. 3. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ [7]:
ɚ – ɰɜɟɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɥɥɟɹ; ɛ – ɞɜɨɪɨɜɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ; ɜ – ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɦɧɟɦ
ɚ
ɛ
ɜ
13
Ɋɢɫ. 4. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ [7]:
ɚ – ɫɬɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɝɨɥɚ; ɛ – ɩɥɢɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ (ɡɨɧɚ ɨɬɵɯɚ); ɜ – ɞɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ; ɝ – ɩɥɟɬɟɧɶ
14
2.1. ʆ˕ˆʺː˩ ˄ʲ˖˘˕˓ˇˊˆ ˙˖ʲʹʺʴˑ˩ːˆ ʹ˓ːʲːˆ
˖ ˔˕ˆˊʵʲ˕˘ˆ˕ˑ˩ːˆ ˙ˣʲ˖˘ˊʲːˆ
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɚɞɟɛɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ
ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ – ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɫ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɬɢɩɨɜ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɚɞɟɛ, ɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɨɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɸ ɢ ɧɟɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɯ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 5).
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɟ ɭɥɢɰ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɍɥɢɰɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɢɜɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɟ. Ⱦɨɦɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɭɥɢɰɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɤɭɪɞɨɧɟɪɵ, ɫ
ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɫɚɞɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɢɜɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɭɥɢɰɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ,
ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɦɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɭɪɫɚɯ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɨɛɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ
ɭɥɢɰ. ɇɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɩɪɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɨɦɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 5, ɚ). ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɞɨɦɨɜ, ɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɟɟ ɢ
ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ.
Ƚɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ,
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɠɢɥɵɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɢɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ
ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɨɜ, ɱɬɨ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ, ɫɞɪɭɝɨɣ– ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ. ɗɬɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ – ɫɚɞɚ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɝɪ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5, ɛ). Ɉɧɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɝɪɭɩɩ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɬɭɩɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɡɞɨɜ. ɀɢɥɵɟ ɞɨɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɭɩɢɤɢ, ɱɚɳɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 5, ɟ).
Ɍɭɩɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɡɞ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ,
ɥɢɛɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɫ ɫɚɞɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɢɝɪ ɞɟɬɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 5, ɜ). ɉɟɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɞɨɦɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ
ɩɟɬɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɡɞɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5, ɝ), ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 5, ɞ, ɟ).
3. ʑ˙ˑˊˢˆ˓ˑʲˏ˪ˑʲˮ ˓˕ʶʲˑˆ˄ʲˢˆˮ ʾˆˏ˓ˇ ˮˣʺˇˊˆ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ, ɢɯ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
1. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɡɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɠɢɥɭɸ ɹɱɟɣɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɭɸ
(ɥɢɱɧɭɸ) ɡɨɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɨɧ – ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ (ɠɢɥɵɟ) ɢ ɩɨɞɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 6).
2. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ: ɨɛɳɚɹ
ɤɨɦɧɚɬɚ, ɫɬɨɥɨɜɚɹ; ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɫɨɛɧɵɟ: ɤɭɯɧɹ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɨɥɥ, ɩɪɢɯɨɠɚɹ, ɝɨɫɬɟɜɨɣ
ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ (ɪɢɫ. 7).
15
Ɋɢɫ. 5. ɉɪɢɟɦɵ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɦɚɥɨɷɬɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ [2]:
ɚ – ɞɨɦɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɭɥɢɰɵ; ɛ – ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ; ɜ – ɬɭɩɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ;
ɝ – ɩɟɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ; ɞ, ɟ – ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ
ɛ
ɚ
ɜ
ɝ
ɞ
ɟ
16
Ɋɢɫ. 6. Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɜ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɟ [12]
