Малоэтажные жилые дома. Фомина В.Ф. - 5 стр.

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33
Ɋɢɫ. 19. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ [4]:
ɚ – ɛɟɫɤɚɪɤɚɫɧɚɹ; ɛ – ɤɚɪɤɚɫɧɚɹ; ɜ – ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ;
1 – ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ; 2 – ɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ; 3 – ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ;
4 – ɪɢɝɟɥɢ; 5 – ɫɚɦɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ
Ɋɢɫ. 20. Ȼɟɫɤɚɪɤɚɫɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ [4]:
ɚ – ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɧ; ɛ – ɫ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɧ; ɜ – ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɚɹ;
1 – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ; 2 – ɩɥɢɬɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ;
3 – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɫɚɦɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ; 4 – ɬɨɪɰɟɜɚɹ ɧɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɚ; 5 – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ
ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ; 6 – ɩɥɢɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɨɩɟɪɬɵɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ
34
Ɋɢɫ. 21. Ʉɚɪɤɚɫɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ [4]:
ɚ – ɫ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɢɝɟɥɟɣ; ɛ – ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɪɢɝɟɥɟɣ; ɜ – ɛɟɡɪɢɝɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ;
1 – ɫɚɦɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ; 2 – ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ; 3 – ɪɢɝɟɥɢ; 4 – ɩɥɢɬɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ;
5 – ɧɚɞɤɨɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ; 6 – ɦɟɠɤɨɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɥɢɬɵ; 7 – ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɚ
4.1. ʑ˙ˑʹʲːʺˑ˘˩
Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɬ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɨɜ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ. Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɨɤɢɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ, ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɵɦɢ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ.
ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɟɡɨɦ, ɚ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ,
ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, – ɩɨɞɨɲɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɨɜ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ –
ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ (ɩɟɫɤɚ ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ, ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɩɟɫɢ, ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɢɧɵ), ɬɨ
ɩɨɞɨɲɜɭ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. ȼ
ɧɟɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ (ɤɪɭɩɧɨɨɛɥɨɦɨɱɧɵɯ, ɩɟɫɤɚɯ ɝɪɚɜɟɥɢɫɬɵɯ, ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ
ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ) ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ,
ɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,5 ɦ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ.
Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ ɧɚ: ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɟ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ; ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɨɪ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɚɦɢ; ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɵ ɩɨɞ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ; ɫɜɚɣɧɵɟ
ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ, ɡɚɛɢɬɵɯ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬ (ɪɢɫ. 22).
35
Ɋɢɫ. 22. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ [4]:
ɚ – ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ;
ɛ – ɬɨ ɠɟ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ;
ɜ – ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɣ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɧɵ;
ɝ – ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɭ;
ɞ – ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɣ;
ɟ – ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɣ;
ɠ – ɫɜɚɣɧɵɣ;
1 – ɫɬɟɧɚ;
2 – ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ;
3 – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɚ;
4 – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ;
5 – ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ;
6 – ɪɨɫɬɜɟɪɤ ɫɜɚɣɧɨɝɨ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ;
7 – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɚ;
8 – ɫɜɚɢ
ɉɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɞ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ: ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ
ɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ, ɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɟ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ
ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɜɭɸ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ, ɢɡ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ
ɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɭɲɟɤ (ɪɢɫ. 23).
Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɭɲɤɢ
ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ
ɜɵɪɨɜɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ
ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɬɪɚɦɛɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ
ɩɟɫɱɚɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ
100-150 ɦɦ. Ȼɥɨɤɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɨɣ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 20 ɦɦ.
ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɨɞɰɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɬɨɪɰɚɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ.
Ɋɢɫ. 23. Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɡ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ [4]:
ɚ – ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ;
ɛ – ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɟ;
1 – ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɥɢɬɵ;
2 – ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ
36
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɭ, ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɜɵ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 6 – 10 ɦɦ.
Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɭɲɤɢ ɢ ɛɥɨɤɢ (ȽɈɋɌ 13 580-85) ɦɚɪɤɢɪɭɸɬ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ «Ɏ» ɫ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɦ (ɪɢɫ. 24).
Ɋɢɫ. 24. ɋɛɨɪɧɵɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ [1]:
ɚ – ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ; ɛ – ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ;
ɜ, ɝ – ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɩɚɧɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ; ɞ – ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ;
ɟ, ɠ – ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɚɧɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ɏ-6-24 – ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 600 ɦɦ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 2400 ɦɦ.
Ȼɥɨɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ (ɋȻ) ɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ (ɉȻ), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ: ɎɋȻ 4-24 ɢɥɢ ɎɉȻ 3-35.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɚ ɨɬ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɵɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ
ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ (ɪɢɫ. 25).
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞɚ, ɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɫɬɢɤɟ,
ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɣ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 10 – 12 ɦɦ, ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 1:2 ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ
20-30 ɦɦ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɠɚ ɧɚ 150-200 ɦɦ –
ɜɵɲɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɬɦɨɫɬɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɥɨɦ
ɩɨɞɜɚɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ
ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ
ɨɬɦɨɫɬɤɭ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,5 ɦ ɫ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɨɬ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ 3 %.
37
Ɋɢɫ. 25. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɬɟɧ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɨɜ [1]:
ɚ – ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɦɟɧɟɟ 200 ɦɦ; ɛ – ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɟ 200-1000 ɦɦ; ɜ – ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1000 ɦɦ;
1 – ɪɭɥɨɧɧɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ; 2 – ɨɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ ɛɢɬɭɦɨɦ ɡɚ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ;
3 – ɨɤɥɟɟɱɧɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ; 4 – ɡɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɢɡ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ; 5 – ɫɬɟɤɥɨɬɤɚɧɶ; 6 – ɞɟɮɨɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɲɨɜ; 7 – ɝɥɢɧɚ; 8 - ɩɨɥ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɚ; 9 – ɫɬɹɠɤɚ; 10 – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɚ; 11 – ɩɪɢɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ;
12 – ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ; 13 – ɨɬɦɨɫɬɤɚ
Ɉɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɹ
ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 20 – 25 ɦɦ,
ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɭɸ
ɳɟɛɟɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 100 – 150 ɦɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫɨ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɦɢ. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ
ɭɫɬɭɩɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
0,5 ɦ, ɞɥɢɧɚ – ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10 ɦ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ
ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɦɟɥɤɨɦɭ (ɪɢɫ. 26).
Ɋɢɫ. 26. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ [4]:
ɚ – ɧɚ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɟɦɵɯ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ;
ɛ – ɧɚ ɤɨɫɨɝɨɪɚɯ;
ɜ – ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ;
1 – ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɲɨɜ;
2 – ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɹɫ;
3 – ɞɨɫɤɢ ɨɛɟɪɧɭɬɵɟ ɬɨɥɟɦ
38
4.2. ʈ˘ʺˑ˩
ɋɬɟɧɵ – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɨɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ: ɫɬɟɧɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
(ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ) ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɢ, ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɢ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɢɡ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ
ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɤɨɣ.
ȼ ɦɚɥɨɷɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ (ɭɫɚɞɟɛɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ, ɤɨɬɬɟɞɠɚɯ, ɨɫɨɛɧɹɤɚɯ,
ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.) ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ:
ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ, ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɦ, ɢ ɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɛɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ.
ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ – ɧɟɫɭɳɭɸ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɭɸ.
ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɚɦɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɨɧɢ
ɧɟɫɭɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɨɬ ɤɪɵɲɢ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɦɢ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ, ɜ
ɧɢɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɢ ɞɵɦɨɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɢ ɤɚɦɢɧɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɚɥɨɷɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ – ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɟɣ (ɛɥɨɤɨɜ
) ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɟ (ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɵɟ) ɫɬɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɫɭɳɢɣ (ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ) ɫɥɨɣ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɠɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬ, ɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɣ ɛɟɬɨɧ, ɮɢɛɪɨɥɢɬ, ɚɪɛɨɥɢɬ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɇɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɥɨɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ.
ȼ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɟ ɝɥɢɧɹɧɵɟ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ (ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 65 ɦɦ) ɢ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ (88 ɦɦ) ɩɨɥɧɨɬɟɥɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ
ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡɨɛɠɢɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧ. Ɉɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɵɟ (ɞɵɪɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɢ)
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ. ɂɯ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ ɫɯɨɞɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɟɥɵɦɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚɦɢ.
ɂɡ ɨɛɨɠɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɢɧɵ (ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɳɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɟɧ (ɪɢɫ. 27).
Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɤɪɚɬɧɚ ɱɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɱɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɤ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ.
Ʉɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ 120, 250, 380, 510, 640, 770 ɦɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɜɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 10 – 12 ɦɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɜ 65 ɦɦ; ɤɚɠɞɵɟ 4 ɪɹɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 300 ɦɦ, ɚ ɩɪɢ
ɜɵɫɨɬɟ
88 ɦɦ ɪɹɞ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 100 ɦɦ.
Ɋɹɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ
(ɜɟɪɫɬɟ) – ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɥɚɞɭɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɪɹɞɧɚɹ
(ɰɟɩɧɚɹ) ɤɥɚɞɤɚ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ, ɩɹɬɶ, ɫɟɦɶ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɞɢɧɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
ɪɹɞɨɜ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 28).
39
Ɋɢɫ. 27. ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ [6]:
ɚ – ɩɨɥɧɨɬɟɥɵɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɢ; ɛ – ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɞɵɪɱɚɬɵɟ
ɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ; ɜ – ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɫɨ ɳɟɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ; ɝ – ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɨɜɵɟ
ɛɥɨɤɢ – ɩɭɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɟɪɚɦɡɢɬɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ
40
Ɋɢɫ. 28. Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɯ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɞɨɤ [6]:
I – ɞɜɭɯɪɹɞɧɚɹ (ɰɟɩɧɚɹ); II – ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɚɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ;
III, IV – ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɟ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɋɩɥɨɲɧɭɸ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɨɩɨɪ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɯ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ – 250×250 ɦɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɞɨ 2,5 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɦɚɥɨɷɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ 380×380 ɦɦ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɫɬɟɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ
ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨɥɨɞɰɟɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɞɨɤ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɢɬɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɫɵɩɧɵɦ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɥɢɬɧɵɟ
ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɢ (ɪɢɫ. 29, 30, 31).
Ʉɚɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɟɦɚɦɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɚɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɨɬ
ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜɵɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦɢ.

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