Малоэтажные жилые дома. Фомина В.Ф. - 6 стр.

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41
Ɋɢɫ. 29. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɦɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ [6]:
ɚ – ɫ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɝɤɢɦ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɦɢ; ɛ – ɫ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɟɪɚɦɡɢɬɨɜɵɦ
ɝɪɚɜɢɟɦ ȡ
0
=80 ɤɝ/ɦ
3
ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɫɟɬɨɤ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 3 – 4 ɦɦ; ɜ – ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɫ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɝɤɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜɤɥɚɞɵɲɚɦɢ; ɝ – ɲɚɝ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦ; ɞ – ɚɧɤɟɪɧɨɟ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɤɢ ɤ ɛɥɨɤɚɦ –
ɜɤɥɚɞɵɲɚɦ ɫɤɨɛɚɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 4
– 6 ɦɦ
Ɋɢɫ. 30. Ʉɨɥɨɞɰɟɜɚɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ (ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ) [14]
42
Ɋɢɫ. 31. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧ (ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ) [14]:
ɚ – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ 1-1, 2-2 (ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɵ);
ɛ – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ 3-3
ɚ)
ɛ)
43
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɟɦɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɷɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ
ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɟɤ: ɢɡ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ – ɤɥɢɧɱɚɬɵɟ (ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɪɢɜɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ), ɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ (ɥɭɱɤɨɜɵɟ
ɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɶɧɵɟ), ɪɹɞɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɚɪɦɨɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɟ (ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɥɢɬɧɵɟ,
ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɟɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɟɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 250 ɦɦ; ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɟɦɚ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
250, 380 ɢɥɢ 510 ɦɦ (ɪɢɫ. 32).
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɟɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɪɚɬɧɵ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ.
ɉɪɨɟɦɵ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 2-ɯ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɪɭɫɤɨɜɵɦɢ
ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɚɦɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 65×120 ɦɦ ɢ 140×120 ɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɢɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 65×380 ɦɦ ɢ
140×380 ɦɦ. ȼ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɦɵ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 2,75 ɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɪɭɫɤɨɜɵɦɢ
ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɚɦɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 220×120 ɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 220×380 ɦɦ. ɉɪɨɟɦɵ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ
ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɟɤ. Ȼɪɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ
ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ – Ȼɍ –
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɤɪɵɲɢ (ɪɢɫ. 33).
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɟɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 250 ɦɦ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1,2 ɦ.
Ɋɹɞɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ (ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ) ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ
ɩɪɨɟɦɵ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɨɬ 2 ɦ. Ⱥɪɦɨɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɦɨɜ
ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 2 – 3ɦ.
Ɋɢɫ. 32. Ʉɥɢɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ [6]
44
Ɋɢɫ. 33. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɟɦɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɟɤ [6]
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɦɚɥɨɷɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɷɬɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ɗɬɭ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɧ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨ
ɞɜɭɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ – ɤɚɪɧɢɡɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɩɟɬɧɨɣ. Ʉɚɪɧɢɡɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɬɪɟɯ
ɬɢɩɨɜ – ɧɚɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ (ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ 60-70 ɦɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ), ɜɵɧɨɫɨɦ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɧɢɡɧɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɵ ɢ ɜɵɧɨɫɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɵɲɢ (ɪɢɫ. 34, 35).
45
Ɋɢɫ. 34. Ʉɚɪɧɢɡɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ [6]:
ɚ, ɛ – ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɚɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɟɣ; ɜ – ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɧɨɫɚ ɤɪɨɧɲɬɟɣɧɨɜ
ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɝɨɥɤɨɜ; ɝ – ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɧɢɡɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɢɬ ɧɚ
ɛɚɥɤɟ – ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ, ɡɚɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ; ɞ – ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɪɧɢɡɧɵɦɢ
ɩɥɢɬɚɦɢ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫɚɦɢ
Ʉɚɦɢɧ – ɷɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɶɟɪɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɭɸɬɟ ɢ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɟ ɞɨɦɚ.
ȼ ɞɨɦɚɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɦɢɧɵ, ɜ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 0,5×1 ɤɢɪɩɢɱ (140×270), ɜɵɬɹɠɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɨɬ ɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɨɤ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɤɚɧɚɥɵ 0,5×0,5 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ (140×140 ɦɦ). Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ
ɷɬɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1,5 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ (380 ɦɦ). Ʉɚɦɢɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɭ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɧ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ; ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɬɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɢɡ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
46
Ɋɢɫ. 35. Ʉɚɪɧɢɡɵ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɩɟɬɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ [6]:
ɚ – ɤɚɪɧɢɡɧɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɚ, ɩɪɢɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ; ɛ – ɬɨ ɠɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ
ɚɧɤɟɪɨɦ; ɜ – ɤɚɪɧɢɡɧɵɣ ɠ/ɛ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɬɤɚ; ɝ – ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɧɢɡɧɨɝɨ
ɭɡɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɧɨɫɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɪɵɲɢ; ɞ – ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɨɛɲɢɬɵɣ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɞɨɫɤɚɦɢ; ɟ – ɩɚɪɚɩɟɬ
ɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; ɠ – ɩɚɪɚɩɟɬ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ;
ɢ – ɩɚɪɚɩɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɪɵɲɟ
Ⱦɵɦɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɫɬɭɩɨɜ ɢɡ ɝɥɢɧɹɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɫɨ
ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 120 ɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 60 ɦɦ.
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛ ɧɚ 30
q
ɤ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɪɚ. ȼɵɫɨɬɭ
ɬɪɭɛɵ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɶɤɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
0,5 ɦɟɬɪɚ (ɪɢɫ. 36).
47
Ɋɢɫ. 36. Ⱦɵɦɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ [6]:
I – ɬɢɩɵ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ: ɚ – ɧɚɫɚɞɧɚɹ; ɛ – ɤɨɪɟɧɧɚɹ; ɜ – ɫɬɟɧɨɜɚɹ; II – ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɞɵɦɨɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɟ ɞɜɭɯɷɬɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ; III – ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ
ɫɬɟɧɵ ɞɨ ɞɵɦɨɯɨɞɨɜ: ɚ – ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ I; ɛ – ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɞɥɹ II ɢ III ɡɨɧ;
IV – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɶɤɚ; 1 – ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɩɟɱɢ;
2 – ɬɪɭɛɚ; 3 – ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ; 4 – ɞɵɦɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɦɢɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɫɬɟɧ, ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɦɢ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 37), ɤɚɦɢɧɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɭ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɭ (ɫ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɪɨɛɨɦ),
ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɧɨɭɝɥɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɵɟ (ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ).
Ɋɢɫ. 37. Ʉɚɦɢɧɵ – ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ [6]:
1 – ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɧɨɟ; 2 – ɭɝɥɨɜɨɟ; 3 – ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɨɟ; 4 – ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɧɭ
48
ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɚɦɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɵɯ, ɫɬɨɥɨɜɵɯ, ɤɚɦɢɧɧɵɯ, ɧɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɹɝɚ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ «ɞɵɦɥɟɧɢɸ» ɤɚɦɢɧɚ (ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɤɚɦɢɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ 5 – 6 ɦ).
Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɤɚɦɢɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɪɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɞɵɦɨɯɨɞɚ. ɋɚɦɨɣ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɦɢɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɢɤɚ ɤ ɞɵɦɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɭ. Ɉɬ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɵɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɚ («ɡɭɛɚ», «ɝɭɫɶɤɚ», ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ) ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɲɢɪɢɧɵ, ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɦɢɧɚ. ɇɚ ɟɝɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɞɵɦɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɦɟɫɬɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɦɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɦɚɦ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɢɤɚ
ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɫɤɨɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ 45
ƕ
– 60
ƕ
, ɚ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 1/3 – 1/2 ɜɵɫɨɬɵ) –
ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. 38).
Ʉɚɦɢɧ – ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ.
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɲɢɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɦɢɧɚ ɧɚ 10-15 ɫɦ.
Ɋɢɫ. 38. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɚɦɢɧɚ [6]:
1 – ɞɵɦɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ; 2 – ɤɚɦɢɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɤɚ; 3 – ɩɨɪɬɚɥ ɤɚɦɢɧɚ; 4 – ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɢɤ; 5 – ɩɨɥ ɤɚɦɢɧɚ;
6 – ɩɪɟɞɬɨɩɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ; 7 – ɩɪɟɞɬɨɩɨɱɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ;
Ⱥ – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɚ; Ȼ – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɚ; ȼ – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɢɤɚ; Ƚ – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɝɨɪɥɨɜɢɧɵ;
ɚ – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɵ; ɛ – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɵ

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