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Ɋɢɫ. 48. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɧɚɫɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ [6]:
ɚ-ɢ – ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ (ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɚɯ) (ɚ-ɟ – ɨɞɧɨɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ, ɠ-ɢ – ɞɜɭɯɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ);
ɚ-ɜ – ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɞɜɭɯɩɪɨɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɝ;
1 – ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɨɝɚ; 2 – ɦɚɭɷɪɥɚɬ; 3 – ɩɨɞɤɨɫ; 4 – ɥɟɠɟɧɶ; 5 – ɫɬɨɣɤɚ; 6 – ɩɪɨɝɨɧ;
7 – ɪɚɫɩɨɪɤɚ; 8 – ɫɯɜɚɬɤɚ
ɉɪɢ ɚɫɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɩɨɪ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɨɧ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ
ɤɨɧɶɤɨɦ ɤɪɵɲɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɫɯɜɚɬɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɝɚɫɢɬ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 48). ɋɯɜɚɬɤɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɞɨɫɨɤ ɢ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɚ.
ɍɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯɫɬɟɧ, ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɪɵɜɚ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɦ, ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɝɢ ɤɪɟɩɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɨɞɧɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɪɭɬɤɨɣ (4 – 6 ɦɦ) ɤ ɤɨɫɬɵɥɸ ɢɥɢ ɟɪɲɭ, ɡɚɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɭ, ɥɢɛɨ ɤ
ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɱɟɪɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ.
ȼ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɬɨɜ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɧɚɫɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɚ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
(ɧɚɤɨɫɧɵɯ) ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɝ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɝ (ɧɚɪɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ), ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ ɧɚ ɧɚɤɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɝɢ, ɚɞɪɭɝɢɦ – ɧɚ ɦɚɭɷɪɥɚɬ (ɪɢɫ. 49).
Ⱦɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɤɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɧɚɤɨɫɧɵɯ ɪɟɛɟɪ
ɤɪɵɲɢ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɶɤɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɨɧ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɢɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɝ
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 49). ɋɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɝɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɭɝɥɚɯ, ɜɪɭɛɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɞɤɨɫɨɜ,
ɫɬɨɟɤ, ɲɩɪɟɧɝɟɥɟɣ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 49). ɋɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɝɢ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɧɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɧɢɡɨɜ ɫɬɟɧ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɧɢɡɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɫɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɢɫɟɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɞɨɫɤɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 25-40 ɦɦ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɜɨɡɞɹɦɢ ɫɛɨɤɭ ɤ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɨɝɚɦ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ
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ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɫɜɟɫɚ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɢɧɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɛɵɥɤɚɦɢ.
ɇɚ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɝɚɯ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɛɵɥɤɢ ɩɪɢɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ – ɜɞɨɥɶ ɞɜɭɯ
ɫɤɚɬɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 49).
ȼɫɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɝ, ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ, ɩɨɞɤɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɞɨɫɨɤ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ 40-50 ɦɦ,
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ – 150, 180, 200 ɦɦ; ɛɪɭɫɶɟɜ – 60×140 ɦɦ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɲɚɝ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ 1 ɦ, ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɫɧɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɤɪɵɲɚɯ ɲɚɝ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɝ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɞɨ 0,8-0,6 ɦ, ɚɧɚ
ɤɪɵɲɚɯ ɫ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ 45° ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɞɨ 1,2×1,4 ɦ. Ɇɚɭɷɪɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɥɟɠɧɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɛɪɭɫɶɟɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 140×160 ɦɦ ɢɥɢ 160×180 ɦɦ. Ɇɚɭɷɪɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɥɟɠɧɢ
ɚɧɬɢɫɟɩɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɪɭɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 49. ɉɥɚɧ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɫɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ [6]:
ɚ – ɩɥɚɧ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ; ɛ – ɭɡɥɵ; ɜ, ɝ, ɟ, ɠ – ɭɡɥɵ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ;
ɞ – ɲɩɪɟɧɝɟɥɶ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɤɨɫɧɭɸ ɧɨɝɭ;
1 – ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɨɝɚ; 2 – ɧɚɤɨɫɧɚɹ (ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ) ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɨɝɚ; 3 – ɩɪɨɝɨɧ; 4 – ɧɚɪɨɠɧɢɤ;
5 – ɦɚɭɷɪɥɚɬ; ɛ – ɤɨɛɵɥɤɚ; 7 – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ; 8 – ɲɩɪɟɧɝɟɥɶ; 9 – ɫɬɨɣɤɚ; 10 – ɩɨɞɤɨɫ;
11 – ɥɟɠɟɧɶ; 12– ɚɧɬɢɫɟɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɤɚ; 13 – ɫɤɨɛɚ; 14 – ɩɪɢɛɨɢɧɚ; 15 – ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ
ɧɚɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɜɨɡɞɹɯ; 16 – ɫɤɪɭɬɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ; 17 – ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ
59
ȼɢɫɹɱɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɩɨɪɵ –
ɫɬɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɵ – ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɚ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ
ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɫɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɩɪɨɥɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 50).
Ɋɢɫ. 50. ȼɢɫɹɱɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɚ ɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲ [6]:
ɚ-ɟ – ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ (ɚ, ɜ – ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ; ɛ, ɝ – ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ);
I – ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɚɦɢ;
II – ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɹɱɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɚ;
1 – ɩɪɨɝɨɧ; 2, 4 – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɮɟɪɦ; 3 – ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɨɝɚ; 5 – ɛɚɥɤɢ
ɱɟɪɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ; 6 – ɫɬɨɣɤɚ (ɩɨɞɜɟɫɤɚ); 7 – ɩɪɨɝɨɧ ɱɟɪɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ;
8 – ɩɨɞɤɨɫ; 9 – ɪɢɝɟɥɶ; 10 – ɧɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢɡ ɞɨɫɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ; 11 – ɛɨɥɬ;
12 – ɩɪɢɛɨɢɧɚ; 13 – ɚɧɬɢɫɟɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɤɚ; 14 – ɬɨɥɶ; 15 – ɫɤɨɛɚ
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Ɉɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɨɝɚɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɚ ɢɡ ɞɨɫɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɛɪɭɫɶɟɜ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɚ – ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɪɚɡɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɤɪɵɲɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɦɢ
ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɨɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɥɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɭɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɫɤɚɬɚ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶ: ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɟ (ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ,
ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ); ɩɥɢɬɨɱɧɵɟ (ɢɡ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ, ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɚɧɢ); ɪɭɥɨɧɧɵɟ (ɢɡ ɪɭɛɟɦɚɫɬɚ,
ɛɢɤɪɨɫɬɚ, ɢɡɨɥɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.); ɦɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ; ɛɟɡɪɭɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɢɬ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɦ
ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɬɢɤɢ (6-8 ɦɦ).
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ (ɠɟɥɟɡɧɚɹ) ɤɪɨɜɥɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ
(Ɋɢɫ. 51).
Ɋɢɫ. 51. ɋɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɥɹ [2]:
ɚ – ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɩɨ ɤɪɨɜɥɟ; ɛ – ɮɚɥɟɰ ɥɟɠɚɱɢɣ ɨɞɢɧɚɪɧɵɣ; ɜ – ɬɨ ɠɟ,
ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ; ɝ – ɮɚɥɟɰ ɫɬɨɹɱɢɣ ɨɞɢɧɚɪɧɵɣ; ɞ – ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ;
1 – Ɍ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɵɥɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ 700 ɦɦ; 2 – ɜɨɪɨɧɤɚ ɜɨɞɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ;
3 – ɤɚɪɧɢɡɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ; 4 – ɧɚɫɬɟɧɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɨɛ; 5 – ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɨɛɚ;
6 – ɥɟɠɚɱɢɣ ɮɚɥɟɰ; 7 – ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ; 8 – ɫɬɨɹɱɢɣ ɮɚɥɟɰ; 9 – ɞɨɫɤɚ
ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜɚɹ; 10 – ɛɪɭɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ; 11 – ɤɥɹɦɟɪɚ
ɋɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɪɨɜɥɸ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 1420×710 ɦɦ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 0,4 – 0,5 ɦɦ. Ʌɢɫɬɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɮɚɥɶɰ. ȼɞɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɬɚ ɮɚɥɶɰɵ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ
ɫɬɨɹɱɢɦɢ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɜ ɟɧɞɨɜɚɯ – ɥɟɠɚɱɢɟ, ɞɥɹ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɪɨɜɥɸ
ɤɪɟɩɹɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɤɥɹɦɦɟɪɚɦɢ. Ʉɥɹɦɟɪ – ɷɬɨ ɭɡɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɚ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɧɟɰ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɚɥɶɰ.
ȼ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɢɡ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦɭ
ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ, ɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɭ (ɪɢɫ. 52).
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɤɚɬɚɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 0,5 ɦɦ; ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨ 30 ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɜ. Ʉ ɷɥɢɬɧɵɦ (ɞɨɪɨɝɢɦ)
ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɲɤɨɣ. Ɇɚɫɫɚ 1 ɦ
2
ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 5 ɤɝ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɡ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ
61
ɥɢɫɬɨɜ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬ 850 ɦɦ ɞɨ 7850 ɦɦ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ 1000 – 1100 ɦɦ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɡ
«ɤɚɪɬɢɧ», ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɟ. Ʌɢɫɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ ɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɜɧɚɯɥɟɫɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɧɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢ
ɤɪɟɩɹɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɲɭɪɭɩɨɜ-ɫɚɦɨɪɟɡɨɜ ɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɨɤ. ɒɭɪɭɩɵ ɜɜɢɧɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ
ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɢɛ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɥɢɫɬɟ, ɩɨɞ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɧɚɯɥɟɫɬɚ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɬɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɧɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɟɛɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ (ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ – ɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ
ɩɨɥ). Ʉɚɧɚɜɤɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɪɚɣ ɥɢɫɬɚ, ɢ
ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬ ɟɟ ɤ ɤɚɪɧɢɡɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɤɢ 25×30×100 ɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɪɭɫɤɢ
50×50 ɦɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɦ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ. ɉɨɞ ɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɝɢɞɪɨɩɚɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɟɧɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞ
ɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɡɚɡɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ – ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ.
ȿɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ. ɑɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ɪɢɫ. 53, 54), ɟɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɹɞ. ɉɚɡɵ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɟɟ
ɤɪɚɹɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ. ɍɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɭ ɧɚ
ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ ɢɡ ɛɪɭɫɶɟɜ 50×50 ɦɦ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɪɭɫɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ ɢ
ɪɚɜɟɧ ɨɬ 160 ɞɨ 330 ɦɦ
. ɒɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɫ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. Ʉɨɧɟɤ ɢ ɪɟɛɪɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɟɣ, ɚ ɟɧɞɨɜɵ ɢ ɡɚɡɨɪɵ ɭ
ɞɵɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɶɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɧɨɣ
ɠɟɥɨɛ.
Ɋɢɫ. 52. Ʉɪɨɜɥɹ ɢɡ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ
(ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ) [6]:
ɚ – ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ;
ɛ – ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ;
ɜ – ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɬɚ;
ɝ – ɪɚɡɪɟɡ;
I – I ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɫɤɚɬɚ;
1 – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ;
2 – ɪɟɣɤɚ 25...30×50;
3 – ɩɥɟɧɤɚ-ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ;
4 – ɨɛɪɟɲɺɬɤɚ ɢɡ ɛɪɭɫɤɨɜ;
5 – ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɨɝɚ
62
Ɋɢɫ. 53. ɑɟɪɟɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ (ɭɡɥɵ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ) [10]:
ɚ – ɢɡ ɩɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ; ɛ – ɢɡ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ; ɜ – ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɤɨɧɶɤɚ;
ɝ – ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ; ɞ – ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɟɧɞɨɜɵ; ɟ – ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɪɭɛɟ;
1 – ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ; 2 – ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜɚɹ ɠɟɥɨɛɱɚɬɚɹ; 3 – ɜɟɬɪɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɫɤɚ; 4 – ɩɪɢɠɢɦɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɤɚ;
5 – ɫɤɨɛɚ 6
×30 ɦɦ; 6 – ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɨɝɚ; 7 – ɦɹɝɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɚ; 8 – ɝɜɨɡɞɶ;
9 – ɞɨɳɚɬɵɣ ɧɚɫɬɢɥ; 10 – ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ; 11 – ɬɪɭɛɚ; 12 – ɜɨɪɨɬɧɢɤ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ;
13 – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ; 14 – ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɨɪɨɬɧɢɱɨɤ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ; 15 – ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ;
16 – ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɫɛɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ
ɛɟɡɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɲɢɮɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɚɫɛɟɫɬɚ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɤɪɚɫɤɢ. Ȼɟɡɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɲɢɮɟɪ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɟɫɨɦ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɣɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ, ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ
ɲɭɦɨɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɝɨɪɸɱɟɫɬɶɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɜɨɡɞɢ ɬɨɝɨ
ɠɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 55).
63
Ɋɢɫ. 54. ɑɟɪɟɩɢɱɧɚɹ
ɤɪɨɜɥɹ [2]:
ɚ – ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɩɨ ɤɪɨɜɥɟ ɢɡ
ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɡɨɜɨɣ
ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ;
ɛ – ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ;
ɜ – ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ;
1 – ɛɪɭɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ;
2 – ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɡɨɜɚɹ
ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ;
3 – ɭɫɬɭɩ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ;
4 – ɲɢɩ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ
ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɨɣ ɤ
ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ;
5 – ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ;
6 – ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜɵɣ ɛɪɭɫ;
7 – ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ
Ɋɢɫ. 55. Ʉɪɨɜɥɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ (ɭɡɥɵ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ) [10]:
ɚ – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ; ɛ – ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɟɧɞɨɜɵ; ɜ – ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɤɨɧɶɤɚ;
ɝ – ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɫɚɯ; ɞ – ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɤ ɫɬɟɧɟ;
1 – ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɚɫɛɟɫɬɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ; 2 – ɥɢɫɬɵ ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜ; 3-5 – ɭɝɨɥɤɢ; 6 – ɫɤɨɛɚ 6×30 ɦɦ;
7 – ɲɭɪɭɩɵ 5×70 ɦɦ; 8 – ɲɚɣɛɵ 1×4 ɦɦ; 9 – ɲɚɣɛɵ 20 ɦɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɢɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ; 10 – ɥɨɬɤɢ;
11 – ɞɨɳɚɬɵɣ ɧɚɫɬɢɥ; 12 – ɭɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɧɤɚ; 13 – ɧɚɪɨɠɧɢɤ; 14 – ɨɫɶ ɟɧɞɨɜɵ;
15 – ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɛɚ; 16 – ɫɤɨɛɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɨɛɚ; 17 – ɩɨɞɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɨɛ;
18 – ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ; 19 – ɦɚɭɷɪɥɚɬ; 20 – ɬɨɥɶ
64
4.4.1. ɮʺ˘ʲˏˆ ˊ˕˩˦ˆ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɨɞɚ (ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɤɪɵɲɢ) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ
ɢɡ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜ, ɥɨɬɤɨɜ, ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɪɨɧɨɤ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ. Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɜɨɞɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɬɪɭɛ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤɪɵɲɢ: ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨ 1 ɫɦ
2
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɧɚ 1 ɦ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɵɲɢ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɭɛɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ
15 ɦ (ɪɢɫ. 56).
Ɋɢɫ. 56. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲ [6]:
ɚ – ɜɨɞɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ; ɛ – ɧɚɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɨɛ; ɜ – ɧɚɫɬɟɧɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɨɛ ɪɭɥɨɧɧɨɣ
ɤɪɨɜɥɢ; ɝ – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɬɟɧɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɨɛ;
1 – ɜɨɪɨɧɤɚ; 2 – ɤɨɥɟɧɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ; 3 – ɨɦɟɬ; 4 – ɭɯɜɚɬ; 5 – ɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶ;
6 – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɨɛ; 7 – ɧɚɫɬɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɨɛ;
8 – ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ; 9, 10 – ɪɭɥɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɥɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɢɧɚ (9) ɢ
ɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞɚ (10); 11 – ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ; 12 – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɨɛ;
13 – ɦɚɭɷɪɥɚɬ; 14 – ɫɥɢɜ; 15 – ɚɧɤɟɪ; 16 – ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɜɟɪ
ɋɥɭɯɨɜɵɟ ɨɤɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɱɟɪɞɚɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɪɵɲɭ (ɪɢɫ. 57).
Ɉɧɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ, ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦ. Ɉɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɫɬɟɤɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɜɨɪɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,6×0,8ɦ.
