Малоэтажные жилые дома. Фомина В.Ф. - 10 стр.

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73
Ɋɢɫ. 66. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ [3]:
ɚ – ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ; ɛ – ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 67. ȼɢɧɬɨɜɚɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ, ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ, ɩɥɚɧ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ [3]
74
Ɋɢɫ. 68. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ [7]
75
Ɋɢɫ. 68. (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ)
76
4.6. ʆ˓ˏ˩
ɉɨɥ – ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ: ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ
(ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɩɨɥ) – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɨɥɚ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ; ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ (ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ) – ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɡɵɛɥɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ
ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ; ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ
ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɚ – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɬɹɠɤɨɣ; ɫɬɹɠɤɚ –
ɫɥɨɣ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɤɥɨɧɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɚ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ.
ȼ ɩɨɥɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ȼ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ – ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɨɥɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ:
1) ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ (ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɭɞɚɪɚɦ);
2) ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɡɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɛɟɫɲɭɦɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɯɨɞɶɛɟ;
3) ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟɦ;
4) ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ;
5) ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ – ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɵɥɢ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ;
6) ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ – ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɤɨɣ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ;
7) ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ – ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɬɪɭɞɚ;
8) ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɦɢ – ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɪɨɤɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
4.6.1. ɮʺ˕ʺʵˮˑˑ˩ʺ ˔˓ˏ˩
Ⱦɨɳɚɬɵɟ ɩɨɥɵ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ. ɂɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɲɩɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ
ɞɨɫɨɤ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 29 ɦɦ, ɩɪɢɛɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤ ɥɚɝɚɦ. Ʌɚɝɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɲɚɝɨɦ 400 – 500 ɦɦ ɩɨ
ɧɟɫɭɳɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɨɤ. ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɭ ɥɚɝɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤɢ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 250×250 ɦɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 800 – 1000 ɦɦ, ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ
ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ (ɪɢɫ. 69).
ɉɚɪɤɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɵ (ɲɬɭɱɧɵɟ) ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɞɭɛɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɩɤɢ (ɦɟɥɤɢɯ
ɞɨɳɟɱɟɤ), ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ. ɂɯ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɳɚɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ
(ɪɢɫ. 70).
ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɨɳɚɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɲɩɭɧɬɨɜɭɸ ɤɥɟɩɤɭ (ɫ ɩɚɡɨɦ ɢ
ɝɪɟɛɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɨɦɤɚɯ), ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɩɨɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ.
Ʉɥɟɩɤɢ ɤɪɟɩɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɭ ɝɜɨɡɞɹɦɢ, ɡɚɛɢɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɚɡɵ ɧɚɢɫɤɨɫɶ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɨɦ ɢ
ɩɚɪɤɟɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɪɢɩɚ ɩɪɢ ɯɨɞɶɛɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɧ.
ɉɚɪɤɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɵ ɩɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ
ɫɬɹɠɤɟ, ɩɚɪɤɟɬɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɩɤɢ ɧɚɤɥɟɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɫɬɢɤɟ.
ɉɨɥɵ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɤɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɨɤ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 70, ɛ). Ⱦɨɫɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɪɟɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɳɢɬɚ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɥɟɟɧɚ ɩɚɪɤɟɬɧɚɹ ɤɥɟɩɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɦ ɤɥɟɟ. ɉɚɪɤɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɥɚɝɢ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɹ ɲɩɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɢɜɚɹ ɝɜɨɡɞɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɦɤɭ ɩɚɡɚ ɪɟɟɱɧɨɝɨ
ɳɢɬɚ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɥɵ ɧɚ ɬɵɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɳɢɬɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɤɨɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɤɟɬɧɨɣ
ɞɨɫɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɫɥɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɥɟɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɩɤɢ.
ɉɨɥɵ ɢɡ ɳɢɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɤɟɬɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 70, ɜ). ɓɢɬɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 400×400
ɦɦ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɪɟɟɱɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɧɚɤɥɟɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɤɟɬɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɩɤɨɣ. ɓɢɬɵ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɥɚɝɚɦ, ɩɪɢɛɢɜɚɹ
ɢɯ ɝɜɨɡɞɹɦɢ.
77
Ɋɢɫ. 69. Ⱦɨɳɚɬɵɟ ɩɨɥɵ [4]:
ɚ – ɧɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ; ɛ – ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɚɠɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɢ;
1 – ɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ; 2 – ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤ; 3 – ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ;
4 – ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɤɚ; 5 – ɥɚɝɚ; 6 – ɲɩɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɤɢ;
7 – ɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɟ; 8 – ɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 70. ɉɚɪɤɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɵ [4]:
ɚ – ɲɬɭɱɧɵɟ; ɛ – ɩɚɪɤɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɤɢ; ɜ – ɳɢɬɨɜɵɟ; ɝ – ɦɨɡɚɢɱɧɵɟ;
1 – ɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɟ; 2 – ɫɬɹɠɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ;
3 – ɛɢɬɭɦɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɬɢɤɚ; 4 – ɩɚɪɤɟɬ, ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ «ɟɥɤɭ»; 5 – ɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ;
6 – ɥɚɝɚ; 7 – ɩɚɪɤɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɤɢ; 8 – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɥɵ ɧɚ ɬɵɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɪɟɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
9 – ɩɚɪɤɟɬɧɵɟ ɳɢɬɵ; 10 – ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɤɢ ɳɢɬɨɜ; 11 – ɪɟɟɱɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɚ;
12 – ɤɚɪɬɚ ɦɨɡɚɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɤɟɬɚ; 13 – ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɪɬɵ
78
ɉɨɥɵ ɢɡ ɦɨɡɚɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɤɟɬɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 70, ɝ). Ɇɟɥɤɭɸ ɩɚɪɤɟɬɧɭɸ ɤɥɟɩɤɭ ɧɚɤɥɟɢɜɚɸɬ
ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɭɸ ɛɭɦɚɝɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 400×400, 600×600 ɦɦ
ɩɪɢɤɥɟɢɜɚɸɬ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɛɢɬɭɦɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɬɢɤɨɣ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ
ɛɭɦɚɠɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ.
4.6.2. ʆ˓ˏ˩ ˆ˄ ˏˆˑ˓ˏʺ˙ːʲ, ˕ʺˏˆˑʲ
ɉɨɥɵ ɢɡ ɥɢɧɨɥɟɭɦɚ, ɪɟɥɢɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ,
ɩɪɨɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɸ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ. ɍɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɢɧɨɥɟɭɦ,
ɪɟɥɢɧ, ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɟ ɢɡ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ
ɜɹɠɭɳɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɬɹɠɤɟ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 20 ɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɹɠɤɟ ɢɡ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ʌɢɧɨɥɟɭɦ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ (ɭɩɪɭɝɨɣ) ɩɨɞɨɫɧɨɜɟ (ɬɚɩɢɮɥɟɤɫ)
ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 140 ɦɦ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ.
Ʉɪɨɦɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɢɳ ɥɢɧɨɥɟɭɦɚ ɫɬɵɤɭɸɬ ɜɧɚɯɥɟɫɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɟɣɤɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɹ
ɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɬɵɤɟ ɲɨɜ. ɋɬɵɤɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɬɟɧɚɦ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ
ɩɥɢɧɬɭɫɨɦ, ɚ ɜ ɞɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɦɚɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɨɠɤɨɦ.
4.6.3. ʔʺːʺˑ˘ˑ˩ʺ ˔˓ˏ˩
ɐɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɵ (ɪɢɫ. 71, ɚ) ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ 1:1 – 1:3,
ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɟɦ 20 – 25 ɦɦ ɩɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɵ ɧɟɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵ, ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵ
ɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɠɢɥɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ.
4.6.4. ʂ˓˄ʲˆˣˑ˩ʺ ˔˓ˏ˩
ɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜ – ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɹɠɤɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 25 ɦɦ, ɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ
(ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɣ) ɫɥɨɣ – ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɢ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɲɤɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 25 ɦɦ
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 71, ɛ). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɲɥɢɮɭɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɩɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ «ɧɚ ɪɟɛɪɨ» ɢɥɢ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɵ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɵ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵ, ɦɚɥɨɢɫɬɢɪɚɟɦɵ,
ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵ, ɧɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵ.
4.6.5. ʆ˓ˏ˩ ˆ˄ ˊʺ˕ʲːˆˣʺ˖ˊˆˠ ˔ˏˆ˘˓ˊ
ɉɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɚɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 10 ɢɥɢ 13 ɦɦ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɣ,
ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ, ɜɨɫɶɦɢɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɉɥɢɬɤɭ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɚ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɹɠɤɭ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 10 – 20 ɦɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɜɪɨɜɨɣ
ɦɨɡɚɢɤɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɢɬɨɤ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 6 – 8 ɦɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 23×23,
28×28 ɦɦ. ɇɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɭ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɢ 300×500,
500×800 ɦɦ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɟɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɢɬɤɚɦɢ
ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɵ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɹɠɤɭ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ
ɤɜɟɪɯɭ ɟɟ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ, ɚ ɲɜɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɥɢɬɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɠɢɞɤɢɦ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ. ɉɨɥɵ ɢɡ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɚɧɭɡɥɚɯ, ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹɯ, ɧɚ
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɵ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ, ɜɨɞɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 71, ɜ).
79
Ɋɢɫ. 71. ɉɨɥɵ [4]:
ɚ – ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ; ɛ – ɦɨɡɚɢɱɧɵɟ; ɜ – ɢɡ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ;
1 – ɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ; 2 – ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɢɡ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ; 3 – ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢɡ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ;
4 – ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ; 5 – ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɢ; 6 – ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɹɠɤɚ;
7 – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɚ; 8 – ɩɥɢɬɤɚ
ɶʲˊˏ˭ˣʺˑˆʺ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɷɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɝɨ ɨɫɬɨɜɚ
ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ – ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ, ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɉȽɋ (27010265), ȾȺɋ (27030265), ɌȽȼ (21070965).
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɵ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ:
ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɞɨ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ.
ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɭ ɡɧɚɬɶ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɫɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ.
80
ɼ˓ˑ˘˕˓ˏ˪ˑ˩ʺ ʵ˓˔˕˓˖˩
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 2
1. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɦɚɥɨɷɬɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ?
2. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ?
3. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɪɨɡɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ?
4. ɑɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɠɢɥɢɳɟ?
5. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ?
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 3
1. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ?
2. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ?
3. Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ?
4. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɬɚɦɛɭɪ?
5. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɯɨɥɥ?
6. ɑɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɦ?
7. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ?
8. ɑɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ?
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 4
1. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɣ ɨɫɬɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ?
2. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ?
3. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ?
4. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ?
5. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ?
6. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ?
7. ɂɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ?
8. ɑɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɧ?
9. Ʉɚɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɢ?
10. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ?
11. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɨɥɨɞɰɟɜɚɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ?
12. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɚ?
13. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɪɧɢɡɵ?
14. ɑɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɦɢɧɚ?
15. ɂɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɤɚɦɢɧ?
16. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɵɦɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ?
17. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ?
18. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɟɧɞɨɜɚ?
19.
ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲ.
20. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɦɚɭɷɪɥɚɬ?
21. ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɝɢ?
22. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶ?
23. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɚ?
24. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ?
25. ɂɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɚɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ?
26. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜ.
27. ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɵ ɢɡ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ?

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