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4.3. ʆʺ˕ʺˊ˕˩˘ˆˮ
ɉɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ
ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɭɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ.
ɉɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ: ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɜ
ɡɞɚɧɢɢ: ɧɚɞɩɨɞɜɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɚɠɧɵɟ, ɱɟɪɞɚɱɧɵɟ; ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ: ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɟ, ɝɞɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ – ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɵ, ɧɚɤɚɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ; ɩɥɢɬɧɵɟ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɩɥɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɨɜ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɝɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɵ; ɛɟɡɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɟ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ
ɩɥɢɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɟɥɶɸ; ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ:
ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɟ, ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɟ, ɩɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɚɥɤɚɦ. ɉɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ.
ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ,
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ. ɀɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɢɛɨɜ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ, ɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɢ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɢɛɵ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ.
ɉɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɫɥɨɢɫɬɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɉɥɢɬɵ
ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɞɟɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɪɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɨɞɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɦ ɫɬɟɧɚɦ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɦɨɫɬɢɤɨɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ» ɜ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɱɟɪɞɚɤ ɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ.
ɑɟɪɞɚɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɥɨɣ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɹ, ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ
ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞɚ, ɧɚɤɥɟɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɫɬɢɤɟ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɹ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɩɥɢɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɥɢɬɵ, ɩɟɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥ, ɩɟɧɨɩɥɚɫɬ). ɉɨɜɟɪɯ
ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɱɟɪɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ
ɩɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɦ ɛɚɥɤɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɛɪɢɫɬɵɦ ɩɥɢɬɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢ ɪɟɛɟɪ.
ɉɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɚɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɚ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɩɨɥɶɟɜ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ. ɉɚɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɚɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ – ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɬ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ, ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 39).
ɉɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɚɧɭɡɥɚɯ ɢ «ɦɨɤɪɵɯ» ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ.
ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ. ȿɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢɡ
2-3 ɫɥɨɟɜ ɪɭɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɬɟɧɚɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɚ
150-200 ɦɦ, ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɹɠɤɨɣ ɢɡ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ (ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɜ ɫɚɧɭɡɥɚɯ
, ɜɞɭɲɟɜɵɯ,
ɛɚɧɹɯ); ɧɟɫɝɨɪɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ (ɜ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ); ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ (ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɠɚɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɣ, ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ).
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɜɭɤɨ- ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɦɚɥɨɷɬɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɥɢɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɵɯɥɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ – ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɵ,
50
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ.; ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ «ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ»
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɚɫɧɭɬ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɫɵɩɤɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɲɥɚɤɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɞɟɥɨɤ ɧɟɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɵɟ,
ɝɥɢɧɹɧɵɟ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ (ɯɨɞɶɛɚ,
ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɛɟɥɢ) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢɡ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ – ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɯ
ɩɥɢɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 25 ɦɦ, ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɪɭɠɟɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɲɬɭɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
ɉɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɨɩɢɪɚɧɢɹ
ɥɚɝ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɢɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 40, 41).
ɍɞɚɪɧɵɣ ɲɭɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɚ,
ɬɚɤɢɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɥɢɧɨɥɟɭɦ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ (ɭɩɪɭɝɨɣ) ɩɨɞɨɫɧɨɜɟ (ɬɚɩɢɮɥɟɤɫ),
ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ.
ɀɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɵɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ
ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ȼ15, ȼ25, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 2,4 – 6,3 ɦ (ɫ ɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɟɣ 300 ɦɦ),
ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 1; 1,2; 1,5; 1,8 ɦ,
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 220 ɦɦ (ɪɢɫ. 42).
ɉɥɢɬɵ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ. ɂɯ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ʉɨɧɰɵ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɢɬ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɩɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 120 ɦɦ, ɧɚ ɩɚɧɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ – ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 70 – 100 ɦɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɩɥɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɬɵɤɢ ɡɚɞɟɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɟɝɤɢɦ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɦ. ɒɜɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦɢ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɥɢɬ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ
ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ. Ʉɨɧɰɵ ɩɥɢɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɡɚɚɧɤɟɪɢɜɚɸɬ
ɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ, ɚ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɚɯ ɫɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɚɧɤɟɪɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. ɐɟɥɶ
ɚɧɤɟɪɨɜɤɢ – ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɧɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 39. ɉɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ [4]:
ɚ – ɧɚɞɩɨɞɜɚɥɶɧɨɟ; ɛ – ɱɟɪɞɚɱɧɨɟ; ɜ, ɝ – ɜ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɚɯ;
1 – ɧɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɚ; 2 – ɫɥɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ; 3 – ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɹɠɤɚ (ɩɨɞ ɩɨɥɵ); 4 – ɩɚɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ (ɨɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɚɹ) ɢɡ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɢɬɭɦɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɬɢɤɢ;
5 – ɡɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɹɠɤɚ ɢɡ ɥɚɤɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ; 6 – ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɹɠɤɚ;
7 – ɩɨɥɨɫɤɚ ɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ; 8 – ɤɨɜɟɪ ɪɭɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ;
9 – ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɹɠɤɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
5
/
51
Ɋɢɫ. 40. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ [6]:
ɚ, ɛ, ɞ – ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɛɪɭɫɤɨɜɵɦ ɛɚɥɤɚɦ; ɜ, ɝ – ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɦ
ɛɚɥɤɚɦ; ɟ – ɱɚɫɬɨɪɟɛɪɢɫɬɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɟɥɵɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɛɥɨɤɨɜ (ɚ – ɫ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɩɧɵɦɢ ɛɪɭɫɤɚɦɢ; ɛ – ɫ ɱɟɪɟɩɧɵɦɢ ɛɪɭɫɤɚɦɢ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɛɚɥɤɢ; ɞ – ɫ ɧɚɤɚɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɯɭ ɛɚɥɤɢ);
1 – ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɚɹ ɛɪɭɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ; 2 – ɭɩɪɭɝɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ;
3 – ɝɜɨɡɞɶ; 4 – ɞɨɳɚɬɵɣ ɩɨɥ ɩɨ ɥɚɝɚɦ; 5 – ɩɟɫɨɤ; 6 – ɫɦɚɡɤɚ ɝɥɢɧɨɣ; 7– ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɨɣ
ɧɚɤɚɬ; 8 – ɱɟɪɟɩɧɨɣ ɛɪɭɫɨɤ; 9 – ɨɫɢ ɛɚɥɨɤ; 10 – ɞɜɭɯɩɭɫɬɨɬɧɵɣ ɥɟɝɤɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɲ;
11 – ɬɨɥɶ; 12 – ɩɥɢɬɚ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ; 13 – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ ɬɚɜɪɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ; 14 – ɞɨɳɚɬɵɣ ɧɚɫɬɢɥ (ɧɚɤɚɬ); 15 – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɛɪɚ-ɛɚɥɤɢ; 16 – ɩɭɫɬɨɬɟɥɵɣ
ɛɥɨɤ-ɜɤɥɚɞɵɲ; 11 – ɪɭɛɟɪɨɢɞ; 18 – ɩɚɪɤɟɬ; 19 – ɚɫɮɚɥɶɬ; 20 – ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ; 21 – ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ
ɩɥɚɧɤɚ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 80 ɯ 32 ɦɦ; 22 – ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɥɚɧɤɭ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 80 ɯ 25
ɦɦ
Ɋɢɫ. 41. ɉɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɦ ɛɚɥɤɚɦ [6]:
ɚ, ɛ – ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɟ; ɜ, ɝ – ɫɛɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɦ ɛɚɥɤɚɦ ɫ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɥɢɬɚɦɢ;
ɞ, ɟ – ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɫ ɥɟɝɤɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɲɚɦɢ (ɛ – ɭɡɟɥ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɫɨ
ɫɛɨɪɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɦ ɛɚɥɤɚɦ; ɞ – ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɚ ɢɡ ɥɢɧɨɥɟɭɦɚ);
1 – ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧ; 2 – ɭɩɪɭɝɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ; 3 – ɞɨɳɚɬɵɣ ɩɨɥ ɩɨ ɥɚɝɚɦ; 4 – ɩɟɫɨɤ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20ɦɦ; 5 – ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɫɛɨɪɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɟ; 6 – ɬɨɥɶ; 7 – ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ
ɬɚɜɪɨɜɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ; 8 – ɩɥɢɬɚ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ; 9 – ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɶ (ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ.);
10 – ɩɚɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ; 11 – ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ; 12 – ɞɜɭɯɩɭɫɬɨɬɧɵɣ ɥɟɝɤɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɲ;
13 – ɥɢɧɨɥɟɭɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɟ ɢɡ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɜɹɠɭɳɢɯ;
14 – ɫɬɹɠɤɚ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ 20 ɦɦ
52
Ɋɢɫ. 42.Ɇɧɨɝɨɩɭɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɩɥɢɬɵ
ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɣ [4]:
ɚ – ɫ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɦɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ;
ɛ – ɩɥɢɬɵ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɫ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɚɦɢ;
ɜ – ɩɥɢɬɵ ɫ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ;
1 – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ;
2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ;
3 – ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ
4.4. ɼ˕˩˦ˆ
Ʉɪɵɲɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɚɹ
ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ʉɪɵɲɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɚ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɵɯ ɱɟɪɞɚɤɚɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
ɋɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ. ɋɤɚɬɧɵɦɢ
ɤɪɵɲɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ – ɫɤɚɬɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɜɨɞɭ ɬɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ.
ɋɤɚɬɧɚɹ ɤɪɵɲɚ – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɟɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɦɦ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɚɥɨɷɬɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɜ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɟ.
Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɫɤɚɬɨɜ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 43).
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɤɚɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ –
ɤɪɨɜɥɢ – ɢ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. ɇɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ ɢ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ, ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɥɹ. ɗɬɢ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ: ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɧɟɝɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ; ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ; ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ; ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ (ɪɟɦɨɧɬɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.)
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɤɥɨɧ ɟɟ ɫɤɚɬɨɜ. Ɉɧ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɫɤɚɬɚ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɚɯ, ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɪɨɛɢ (1/4, 1/10)
ɢɥɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɣ (0,25; 0,1 ɢɬ. ɞ.).
ɉɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɚɬɨɜ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɞɜɭɯɝɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɝɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɛɪɚɦɢ. ȼɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɛɪɨ ɜ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɤɪɵɲɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɨɟ
ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɤɚɬɨɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɶɤɨɦ. ȼɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɟ ɪɟɛɪɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ
ɞɜɭɯ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɚɬɨɜ (ɜɚɥɶɦ) ɜ ɭɝɥɚɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɤɨɫɧɵɦ, ɢɥɢ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ,
ɪɟɛɪɨɦ.
53
Ɋɢɫ. 43. Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲ [9]:
ɚ – ɨɞɧɨɫɤɚɬɧɵɟ; ɛ – ɞɜɭɯɫɤɚɬɧɵɟ; ɜ – ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɫɤɚɬɧɚɹ; ɝ – ɫɜɨɞɱɚɬɚɹ; ɞ – ɦɧɨɝɨɫɤɚɬɧɚɹ;
ɟ – ɲɚɬɪɨɜɚɹ; ɠ – ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚɥɶɧɚɹ; ɢ – ɤɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɹ
ɉɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɬɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɭɝɥɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɠɟɥɨɛɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɟɧɞɨɜɚɦɢ. ȿɧɞɨɜɚ – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɟɝ ɢ ɦɭɫɨɪ (ɥɢɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ȼɚɥɶɦɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɤɚɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɪɟɰ ɞɜɭɯɫɤɚɬɧɨɣ ɤɪɵɲɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɤɚɬ
ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɟɫɶ ɬɨɪɟɰ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɤɚɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɩɨɥɭɜɚɥɶɦɨɣ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɤɪɵɲɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɨɣ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɞɜɚ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ: ɬɨɪɰɟɜɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɵɲɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɳɢɩɟɰ,
ɫɤɚɬɵ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɪɰɟɜɭɸ ɫɬɟɧɭ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ
ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɫɬɟɧɵ – ɮɪɨɧɬɨɧ. ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɚɪɧɢɡɚ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɦɩɚɧ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɧɚ. ɓɢɩɟɰ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɦɢ, ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɨɥɸɬ ɢ ɞɪ.
(ɪɢɫ. 44, 45)
ȼɵɫɬɭɩ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɮɚɫɚɞɨɦ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɫɬɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɵ, ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɫɨɦ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 44).
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ (ɪɢɫ. 46):
1) ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ;
2) ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɫɫɟɤɬɪɢɫ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ;
54
Ɋɢɫ. 44. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɮɨɪɦ ɱɟɪɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲ [6]:
ɚ – ɨɞɧɨɫɤɚɬɧɚɹ ɫ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ; ɛ – ɞɜɭɯɫɤɚɬɧɚɹ ɫ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ; ɜ – ɞɜɭɯɫɤɚɬɧɚɹ ɤɪɵɲɚ ɥɨɦɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
ɫ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɨɣ; ɝ, ɞ – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɜɭɯɫɤɚɬɧɨɣ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɜɚɥɶɦɨɣ, ɫ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɧɨɦ, ɫ ɜɚɥɶɦɨɣ;
ɟ, ɠ, ɢ – ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɞɚɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɟɤ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲ;
1 – ɫɤɚɬ ɤɪɵɲɢ; 2 – ɤɨɧɟɤ ɤɪɵɲɢ; 3 – ɧɚɤɨɫɧɨɟ ɪɟɛɪɨ; 4 – ɟɧɞɨɜɚ; 5 – ɜɚɥɶɦɚ; 6 – ɩɨɥɭɜɚɥɶɦɚ;
7 – ɫɜɟɫ ɤɪɵɲɢ; 8 – ɮɪɨɧɬɨɧ; 9 – ɬɢɦɩɚɧ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɧɚ; 10 – ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ; 11 – ɳɢɩɟɰ; 12 – ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ
ɠɚɥɸɡɢ; 13 – ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ; 14 – ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ; 15 – ɤɚɪɧɢɡ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɧɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 45. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɫɤɚɬɧɨɣ ɤɪɵɲɢ [9]:
ɚ – ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɤɚɬɧɨɣ ɤɪɵɲɢ; ɛ – ɩɥɚɧ ɤɪɵɲɢ;
1 – ɫɤɚɬ; 2 – ɮɪɨɧɬɨɧ; 3 – ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ; 4 – ɤɨɧɟɤ; 5 – ɳɢɩɟɰ;
6 – ɜɚɥɶɦɚ; 7 – ɧɚɤɨɫɧɨɟ ɪɟɛɪɨ; 8 – ɟɧɞɨɜɚ; 9 – ɜɨɪɨɧɤɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɬɨɤɚ
ɝ
ɞ
ɟ
ɠ
ɢ
55
Ɋɢɫ. 46. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɤɪɵɲ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ [6]:
ɚ – ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɬɨɜ ɤɪɵɲɢ; ɛ – ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɤɪɵɲɢ;
1 – ɫɤɚɬ; 2 – ɤɨɧɟɤ; 3 – ɧɚɤɨɫɧɨɟ ɪɟɛɪɨ; 4 – ɟɧɞɨɜɚ; 5 – ɜɚɥɶɦɚ
3) ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɭɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɫɤɚɬɨɜ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɠɟɥɨɛɤɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɛɢɫɫɟɤɬɪɢɫɚɦ ɭɝɥɨɜ;
4) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɢɫɫɟɤɬɪɢɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜ (ɥɢɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɶɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɛɟɪ ɢ ɪɚɡɠɟɥɨɛɤɨɜ) ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɤɚɬɨɜ.
ɇɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ ɢ ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ. ɋɬɪɨɩɢɥɚ –
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɧɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɵɲɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɨɪɵ
ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɤɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɝɨɥ ɢɯ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ. ɋɬɪɨɩɢɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɛɪɟɜɟɧ, ɛɪɭɫɶɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɨɤ. ȼɫɟ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɪɭɛɨɤ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɣ (ɫɤɨɛ, ɛɨɥɬɨɜ, ɝɜɨɡɞɟɣ, ɯɨɦɭɬɨɜ). ɋɬɪɨɩɢɥɚ
ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɥɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɢɫɹɱɢɦɢ. ɇɚɫɥɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ – ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɝɢ – ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɛɚɥɨɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 6,5 ɦ (ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ).
ɉɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɧɚɫɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 47).
ɋɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɝɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɪɭɫɶɹ – ɦɚɭɷɪɥɚɬɵ, ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɪɟɡɭ ɫɬɟɧ.
Ɇɚɭɷɪɥɚɬɵ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɭ.
ɂɯ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɬ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɬɨɥɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɨɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɢ ɞɜɭɫɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɚ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɨɩɨɪɚɦ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɟɠɧɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 47, ɛ) (ɩɪɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ
ɫɬɟɧɟ) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɵ (ɩɪɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɨɩɨɪɚɯ), ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ 3 – 4 ɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ
ɫɬɨɣɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ,
ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɚ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɨɧ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɭɷɪɥɚɬɵ
ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɝɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɟɤ ɤ
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɭ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɞɤɨɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɥɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɚ, ɞɚɸɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 47, ɛ).
ɉɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɤɨɫɚ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯɩɪɨɥɟɬɧɭɸ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 8 ɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɨɝɢ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɟɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ. ɇɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ
ɨɩɨɪɚɯ ɩɨɞɤɨɫɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɚ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɬɨɣɤɢ. ɍɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɤɨɫɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɣ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 40-45
ƕ
(ɪɢɫ. 48).
56
Ɋɢɫ. 47. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɪɭɫɱɚɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ [9]:
ɚ – ɞɥɹ ɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲ; ɛ, ɜ – ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɫɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɲ;
1 – ɦɚɭɷɪɥɚɬ; 2 – ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɨɝɚ; 3 – ɤɨɛɵɥɤɚ; 4 – ɨɛɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ; 5 – ɥɟɠɟɧɶ;
6 – ɫɬɨɣɤɚ; 7 – ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɨɧ; 8 – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɵ; 9 – ɩɨɞɤɨɫɵ
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