ВУЗ:
Составители:
65
Ɋɢɫ. 57. ȼɢɞɵ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɯ ɨɤɨɧ [6]:
ɚ – ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɟ; ɛ – ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɝɥɨɟ; ɜ – ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɟ;
ɝ – ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ; 1 – ɨɫɬɟɤɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬ; 2 – ɠɚɥɸɡɢɣɧɚɹ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ; ɞ – ɞɟɬɚɥɶ
ɨɬɞɟɥɤɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɯ ɨɤɨɧ; ɟ – ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɠɚɥɸɡɢɣɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ. ɋɥɭɯɨɜɵɟ ɨɤɧɚ ɧɚɞɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɡ ɨɤɧɚ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɜɵɲɟ 0,8 – 1,0 ɦ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɚ ɱɟɪɞɚɤɚ. Ɉɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɵɲɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 58)
ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɤɪɵɲɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 18
q
.
66
Ɋɢɫ. 58. ȼɢɞɵ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɪɵɲɟ [6]:
ɚ – ɩɚɪɚɩɟɬ; ɛ – ɛɚɥɸɫɬɪɚɞɚ; ɜ – ɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚ:
1 – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɚ; 2 – ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ
Ɇɚɧɫɚɪɞɵ. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɵ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɨɜɚɧɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ: ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ (ɪɢɫ. 59).
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɬɟɧ ɞɨ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟ
ɩɨɬɨɥɤɚ ɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɭ 45
ƕ
ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ – 1,6 ɦ. ɗɬɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ H ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ
(ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ > 0,5 ɦ).
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɲɚɝɨɦ 600 – 1000 ɦɦ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɚɦɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ (ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ). ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɬɟɩɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɥɢɬɵ ɢɡ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ,
ɩɟɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɥɢɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ
ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɹ. ɉɪɢ ɭɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɪɰɟɜɭɸ ɫɬɟɧɭ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɧ ɞɨɦɚ, ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɶ (ɪɢɫ. 58).
ɂɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɵ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɫɨɤɚɪɬɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ, ɮɚɧɟɪɨɣ,
ɞɨɫɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɝɨɧɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɪɟɩɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɦ ɛɪɭɫɤɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɝ.
ɉɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɟ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɧɟɜɧɵɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ. ɗɬɨ
ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ:
– ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɤɧɚ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɬɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɨɤɨɧ;
– ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɧɵɟ ɨɤɧɚ.
Ɉɤɨɧɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɧɨɣ ɤɪɵɲɢ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɦɨɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɤ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ: ɞɥɹ
ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɠɟɣ ɫɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1:10. Ɇɚɧɫɚɪɞɧɵɟ ɨɤɧɚ "VELUX" ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞ (
ɪɢɫ. 59, 60, 61).
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɨɤɨɧ: ɲɢɪɢɧɚ – 780 ɦɦ; 1140 ɦɦ; ɜɵɫɨɬɚ – 980 ɦɦ; 1180 ɦɦ; 1400 ɦɦ;
1600 ɦɦ.
Ɉɤɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɢɡ ɨɤɧɚ ɤɚɤ
ɫɢɞɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɨɹ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ
1850 – 1050 ɦɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɚ ɞɨ ɪɭɱɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɹ.
67
Ɋɢɫ. 59. ɍɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞ [6]:
Ⱥ – ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɭɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ; ɚ – ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɹ;
ɛ – ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɹ; ɜ – ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɸ;
1 – ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɚ; 2 – ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ (ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ); 3 – ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɶ;
4 – ɛɪɭɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɚ ɢ ɫɤɚɬɚ; 5 – ɩɚɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ;
6 – ɫɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɨɝɚ; 7 – ɨɛɪɟɲɺɬɤɚ; 8 – ɤɪɨɜɥɹ; 9 – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɚ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɵ;
10 – ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɛɪɭɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɛɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɬɪɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ; 11 – ɞɨɫɤɚ;
12 – ɤɨɧɶɤɨɜɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɚ; 13 – ɱɟɪɟɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɥɹ; 14 – ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɭɬɟɩɥɢɬɟɥɹ;
15 – ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɶɤɚ ɢɡ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ
68
Ɋɢɫ. 60. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɧɵɯ ɨɤɨɧ [6]:
1 – ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɨɤɧɨ; 2 – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ «ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ»; 3 – ɫɯɟɦɚ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ;
Ⱥ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɧɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ;
Ȼ – ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɧɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ
Ɋɢɫ. 61. ɋɬɪɨɩɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɧɵɯ ɨɤɨɧ [6]:
1 – ɩɨɞɝɨɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ; 2 – ɩɨɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ; 3 – ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɩɨɪɚ
69
Ɋɢɫ. 62. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɧɵɯ ɨɤɨɧ [6]:
Ⱥ – ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɨɤɧɨ; Ȼ – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ «ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ»; ȼ – ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɣ ɨɤɥɚɞ ɫ ɝɢɛɤɢɦ ɮɚɪɬɭɤɨɦ;
1 – ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɝɨɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɮɚɪɬɭɤɨɦ; 2 – ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɤɥɚɞɚ
ɫ ɩɨɪɨɥɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ; 3 – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɫ ɩɨɪɨɥɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ;
4 – ɨɩɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɰɵ; 5 – ɩɨɪɨɥɨɧɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ; 6 – ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɨɛ;
7 – ɩɚɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ; 8 – ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ; 9 – ɩɨɞɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ;
10 – ɨɛɪɟɲɺɬɤɚ; 11 – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɤɚ ɨɤɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɦɚ
/
7
70
4.5. ʁʺ˖˘ˑˆˢ˩
Ʌɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɚɠɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɤ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚɦ, – ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɯɨɞɶɛɟ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɶɟɪɭ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɪɲɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɬɚɠɚ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɭɯ-, ɬɪɟɯ- ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɦɚɪɲɟɜɵɟ
(ɪɢɫ. 63, 64). Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ: (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 64).
1) ɭɤɥɨɧ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɦɚɪɲɚ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɇɢɉɚ 2.08.01 – 85.
ɍɤɥɨɧ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ ɭɤɥɨɧ 1:2 – 1:1,75; ɞɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ – ɭɤɥɨɧ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ
ɞɟɥɚɬɶ 1:1, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɞ 45
ż
; ɞɥɹ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ – ɞɨ 1:1,25. ɍɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢ ɯɨɞɶɛɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɞɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɭɩɟɧɤɚ (h) ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɢ (b) ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɜɧɵ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɲɚɝɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɬ 570 ɞɨ 640 ɦɦ;
2) ɜɫɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɜ ɦɚɪɲɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ;
3) ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɜ ɦɚɪɲɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɟɯ (ɩɪɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ – ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɶɫɹ) ɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 18 (ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ –
ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɟɧ);
4) ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɪɲɚ;
5) ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɬɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ;
6) ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɦɚɪɲɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2ɦ;
7) ɦɚɪɲɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 900ɦɦ.
ȼ ɦɚɥɨɷɬɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ. Ⱦɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ (ɪɢɫ. 65) ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɬɢɜɚɯ ɢ ɤɨɫɨɭɪɚɯ.
Ɍɟɬɢɜɚ – ɷɬɨ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɤɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɛɪɨ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɬɟɬɢɜɵ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 1 ɦ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɬɟɬɢɜɵ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ 50-60 ɦɦ, ɞɥɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 1,25-1,5 ɦ – 60-70 ɦɦ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɬɟɬɢɜɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 200 ɦɦ. Ɍɟɬɢɜɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɪɟɡɧɵɟ (ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɢ ɢ
ɩɨɞɫɬɭɩɟɧɤɢ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ 15-25
ɦɦ) ɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɛɨɢɧɚɦɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɭɩɟɧɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ ɧɚ ɤɨɫɨɭɪɚɯ
ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɢ ɤɥɚɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɟɡɵ ɜ ɤɨɫɨɭɪɚɯ, ɢɯ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɝɪɚɧɶ ɤɨɫɨɭɪɚ ɧɚ 20 –
50 ɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ. Ɉɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɦɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɟɣ, ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɟ
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɡ ɡɚɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɩɨ ɤɪɭɝɭ.
Ɂɚɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ
ɤɪɭɝɭ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ (ɪɢɫ. 66).
ɇɟɫɭɳɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɨɪɨɣ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɬɪɭɛɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɚ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɟɩɹɬɫɹ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɢ
ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 700 ɦɦ (ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ), ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 110 ɫɦ. ɍɡɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 100 ɦɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 150 ɦɦ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɢ, ɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɜ
ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɦɚɪɲɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɢ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɚ
ɤɪɟɩɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɥɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɲɭɪɭɩɨɜ (ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɬɨɜ) ɫ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɨɣ ɟɟ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ. 67).
ȼɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɦɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ (ɪɢɫ. 68).
71
Ɋɢɫ. 63. Ɍɢɩɵ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ [3]:
ɚ, ɛ – ɞɜɭɯɦɚɪɲɟɜɚɹ;
ɜ – ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɫ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ
ɦɚɪɲɚɦɢ;
ɝ – ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɫ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɦɚɪɲɟɦ;
ɞ – ɬɪɟɯɦɚɪɲɟɜɚɹ;
ɟ – ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɦɚɪɲɟɜɚɹ;
ɠ – ɜɢɧɬɨɜɚɹ;
ɡ – ɨɞɧɨɦɚɪɲɟɜɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɚɹ;
ɢ, ɤ – ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɚɹ ɫ ɡɚɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ
Ɋɢɫ. 64. Ɋɚɡɛɢɜɤɚ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ
(ɚ) ɢ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ (ɛ) [3]:
ɇ – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɷɬɚɠɚ;
h – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɩɨɞɫɬɭɩɟɧɨɤ;
ȼ – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ;
ɜ – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɲɚ;
ɚ – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɶ
72
Ɋɢɫ. 65. Ⱦɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ [3]:
ɚ – ɧɚ ɬɟɬɢɜɚɯ ɫ ɜɪɟɡɤɚɦɢ; 6 – ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɫ ɩɪɢɛɨɢɧɚɦɢ; ɜ – ɧɚ ɤɨɫɨɭɪɚɯ;
ɝ – ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɬɢɜɚɯ ɫ ɜɪɟɡɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɬɢɜɵ ɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɱɧɵɦ ɛɚɥɤɚɦ;
ɞ – ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɬɢɜɵ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɫ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɨɦ ɧɚ 180° ɤ ɫɬɨɣɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ;
1 – ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɶ; 2 – ɩɨɞɫɬɭɩɟɧɨɤ; 3 – ɨɛɜɹɡɤɚ; 4 – ɩɨɞɲɢɜɤɚ; 5 – ɛɚɥɤɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ;
6 – ɦɟɠɞɭɷɬɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ; 7 – ɫɬɨɣɤɚ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ; 8 – ɛɚɥɹɫɢɧɚ; 9 – ɷɬɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ;
10 – ɫɬɹɠɧɨɣ ɛɨɥɬ; 11 – ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɶ; 12 – ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ
