Английский язык. Ч. 2. Гималетдинова Г.К - 12 стр.

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losophy and the works of written literature. Mastery of a foreign language in any-
thing like completeness involves the command of its uses in all manner of differ-
ent environments and different circumstances. Native speakers, as the result of
experience gained from early childhood in the process of acculturation, know how
to behave in speaking in the various roles they come to fulfil in their lives. To de-
scribe this the linguist tries to pick out the essential features of the situations that
are characteristic of these different roles and to state them in sets of related cate-
gories as contexts of situation. In doing this he is trying to formalize and systema-
tize, to set down, succinctly and explicitly, the vital information about the working
and the use of languages that native speakers, for the most part unconsciously,
discursively, and gradually, acquire throughout their lives in a community.
      The schematic framework by which the information relevant to the function-
ing, the meaning, of utterances can be stated is the context of situation. A typical
outline context has been given by Firth as an example, bringing the utterance and
its parts into relationship with the following categories:
      The relevant features of participants (persons, personalities):
                     the verbal action of the participants
                     the non-verbal action of the participants
                     the relevant objects
                     the effect of the verbal action
      Treated in terms of contexts of situation, the meaning of utterances includes
both those aspects that can be described as the reference or denotation of individ-
ual words, and those that must be stated as belonging to the sentences, or even
the total utterance as a whole. Differences of personal status, family and social re-
lations, degrees of intimacy, relative ages, and other such factors, irrelevant to the
consideration of sentences as the expression of logical propositions are all dis-
cussed and described especially in narrower aspects within context of situation.
      Meaning in language is therefore not a single relation or a single sort of rela-
tion, but involves a set of multiple and various relations holding between the ut-
terance and its parts and the relevant features and components of the environ-
ment, both cultural and physical, and forming part of the more extensive system
of interpersonal relations involved in the existence of human societies.
            Обобщение и повторение изученного материала
     Задание 3. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя
грамматический и лексический материал раздела I.
     1) Пляж был переполнен, когда мы пришли. 2) Этот закон был уста-
новлен еще в восемнадцатом веке. 3) Новая звезда будет названа в честь
героев. 4) Много солдат погибло в той войне. 5) До пригорода можно доб-
раться за полчаса на электричке. 6) Большинство туристов привлекает
опасность путешествия. 7) Иммигрантам не разрешили жить в столице. Им
дают мало возможностей зарабатывать деньги. Они очень скучают (to miss)
по своей родине. 8) Все близлежащие города расположены приблизительно
в 100 километрах от нашего города. 9) Мы были поражены, увидев такое
этническое многообразие. Люди пятнадцати наций живут в одном городе,
бок о бок, совершенно мирно. 10) Гражданская война сделала страну крайне
бедной. Голод убил сотни людей. 11) Чаевые (tips) включены в счет.
12) Тропический климат характеризуется высокой температурой и влажно-
стью. 13) Ты знаешь, что будут носить этой осенью? Длинные, теплые