Английский язык. Горчакова Е.П - 12 стр.

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         3 . Rea d t h e t ex t a n d dec i d e wh et h er t h e f o l l o wi n g
 st a t em en t s a r e t r u e o r f a l se.

     1. Separation of child and mother is always harmful to the
        child’s personality.
     2. The defense mechanisms are characteristic way of
        behaving only in adulthood.
     3. According to psychoanalytic theory, three interacting
        systems: id, ego and superego, - are always in conflict.
     4. Biology plays a key role in Jungian theory.
     5. Child-rearing practices are universal in different
        cultures and social classes.
     6. Social-learning theories place special emphasis on
        drives, cues, and reinforcements.

                                        TEXT

      Although the precise degree of influence that heredity has
on personality is not yet known, studies of identical and
fraternal twins (raised together and apart) indicate that there
is a strong genetic factor involved in personality development.

     Personality and body make-up are correlated, but which
causes which is not clean. Some believe that somatic factors
(hormonal levels, metabolic rates) influence personality
directly. Others see an indirect body influence, through social
attribution. They would say that late and early matures differ
in personality because they look so different during their
formative years that they are treated differently. It is possible,
however, that the same factors which cause the individual to
mature early (or late) also determine behavior and personality.

     There is general agreement that childhood experiences
help to determine personality, less agreement on the part
played by later experiences. Child-rearing practices are
considered crucial, but there is no generally accepted “correct”
procedure for feeding, weaning, and toilet training the child
which can be recommended. In any practical case, the best
practice seems to depend on the personality and temperament
of the mother and father, as well as on the sex and the
characteristic activity level of the child.