Английский язык. Горчакова Е.П - 14 стр.

                                 14

     In developing psychoanalytic theory, the first of the
psychodynamic theories, Freud originated an entire school of
thought. While Adler, Erikson, and others challenged certain
aspect of the theory, Freud’s concepts and his whole approach
have had enormous impact - not only on psychology but on
almost all areas of modern life. Freud saw all human
psychological processes as consisting of three interactive
systems – sometimes in harmony, often in conflict. The id
impulses are unconscious, primitive, concerned with bodily
gratification. The ego is the “self” and consists of the cognitive
processes of perceiving, reasoning, judging and so on. [3] The
growing child learns about right and wrong, about acceptable
and unacceptable behaviour, and eventually society’s “do’s and
don’ts” become part of his own belief system, or conscience, or
superego. The id, ego, and superego develop with different
strengths, and the various resulting patterns of interaction
and conflicts make for general personality differences among
people.

     Freud believed that many personality traits or tendencies
could be traced to individual experiences during the tree
psychosexual developmental stages. When oral gratification
(through nursing) is inadequate or surrounded by anxiety, the
person can become fixated at this stage and show excessive
chewing, sucking, eating, smoking, and talking. One who
becomes fixated at the anal stage would display traits of
cleanliness, orderliness, stinginess, and punctuality. One who
never outgrows the phallic stage may develop homosexual
tendencies, trouble with authority, or both. One who develops
normally through the genital stage is capable of experiencing
satisfying heterosexual relations and, in other ways, becoming
a mature, well-functioning person in his society.

    Freud examined the unconscious more thoroughly and
more specifically than any other psychodynamicist.

      [4] Freud saw basic forces and the developmental
processes as being universal, but he also stressed individual
differences, the uniqueness of each person.

     Jung departed from Freud on a number of issues. He
believed that, in addition to a personal unconscious, each of
us has a collective unconscious, including many ancestral