Рубрика:
14
family of vacuum and gaseous electron tubes and their application. It also
includes semiconductor and transistor technologies to process information or
to convert energy. Without electronics we would not have cybernetics,
cosmonautics and nuclear physics. It is no mistake to compare the birth of
electronics to such great achievements of mankind as the discovery of fire,
and penetration into the secrets of the atom. Shortly speaking, electronics is
not so much a new subject; it is rather a new way of looking at electricity.
Text 1 (C). Application of Electronics
Large-scale application of electronics made it possible to revolutionize our
life. At present it is difficult to enumerate all branches of science and technology,
which are based on electronic techniques.
Electronics surrounds us everywhere. It seems to influence every aspect of
human activity. Electronics is at the heart of TV and radio reception,
broadcasting, radio and sound location, electronic computation and so on.
Huge radio telescopes, equipped with sensitive instruments and powerful
amplifiers enable men to penetrate onto the remotest corners of space, discover
new and puzzling phenomena of nature. Electronic computers calculate the
trajectories of spaceships, launch and control the rockets. It is the intensive
development of radiolocation that gave start to radio electronics. For a long
time electronics was used only for communication and for ensuring amplification
and transformation of various signals in applied sciences. Soon men witnessed
another stage in the development of electronics. Integrated circuits came into
being (появились). Their application allowed engineers to reduce the dimensions
of electronic devices and increase their reliability.
Text 1 (D). Development of Microelectronic Devices
The development of the transistor initiated the development of
microelectronic devices. Very small electronic circuits of great reliability were
needed by those organizations, which were concerned with sending equipment
into space since the weight of the missile was of primary importance.
Microelectronic devices (integrated circuits) are made from wafer-thin pieces
(тонкие пластины) of semiconductor material, such as silicon. A small chip
of silicon can contain a very large number of electronic components built into
the circuit.
Integrated circuits (IC) have a wide variety of processing and storage
functions. Today it is possible to have all circuits needed for a microcomputer,
for example, on a single semiconductor chip, which is about the same size as
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