Лекции по лексикологии английского языка. Гусева Г.В. - 19 стр.

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b) changing the grammar form, a sentence, e.g. Make hay while the sun

shines was transferred into Make hay while the sun shines;

c) analogy, e.g. Curiosity killed the cat was transferred into Care killed the

cat;

d) contrast, e.g. thin cat – a poor person was formed by contrasting it with

fat cat – a rich person;

e) shortening of proverbs or sayings, e.g. by means of clipping the middle

of the proverb You can‘t make a purse out of a sow‘s ear the

phraseological unit to make a sow‘s ear was formed with the meaning to

make a mistake;

f) borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation

loans, e.g. living space (German), or as phonetic borrowings sotto voce

(Italian).

II. Semantic classification of phraseological units

Phraseological units can be classified according to the degree of motivation

of their meaning. This classification was suggested by acad. V.V. Vinogradov for

Russian phraseological units. He pointed out three types of phraseological units:

a) fusions where the degree of motivation is very low, we cannot guess the

meaning of the whole from the meanings of its components, e.g. on

Shank‘s mare (on foot); in Russian: бить баклуши;

b) unities where the meaning of the whole can be guessed from the

meanings of its components, but it is transferred (metaphorically or

metonimically), e.g. to play the first fiddle (to be a leader in something),

old salt (experienced sailor);

c) collocations where words are combined in their original meaning but

their combinations are different in different languages, e.g. cash and

carry – self-service shop, in a big way (in great degree).