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Various methods of lexicological research are used for classification,
generalization and verification.: contrastive analysis, statistical methods of
analysis, Immediate Constituents analysis, distributional analysis, transformational
analysis, componental analysis.
II. Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive analysis is a detailed comparison of the structure of a native and
a target language. It is the basis of teaching foreign languages: it helps to forsee
and prevent recurrent mistakes caused by the interference of the learner‘s mother
tongue.
Contrastive analysis reveals sameness and difference in the lexical meaning
and semantic structure of correlated words. Thus, English kinship terms do not
always differentiate between male and female: cousin – двоюродный брат,
двоюродная сестра. The semantic structures of correlated polysemantic words do
not coincide, e.g. in English zhe word head is used to denote the head of a person,
bed or match, whereas in Russian different words have to be used: голова
человека, изголовье кровати, сторона монеты. The number and meaning in the
correlated sets differ: pitiful – жалкий, жалостливый – pitiful. Correlated words
also differ in their valency: new and новый are correlated only in some
collocations: новое платье – a new dress; others have to be specially learnt by
Russian students: new potatoes - молодая картошка, new bread - свежий хлеб.
III. Statistical Methods of Analysis
Statistical linguistics deals with the quantitative study of language
phenomena. Its results can be used for verification.
Statistical methods are applied in the analysis of different structural types of
words, affixes and the vocabularies of great writers. They also help to select the
most frequent items for teaching purposes. Statistical regularities can be observed
