Современная архитектура. Гусева О.Г - 13 стр.

UptoLike

ВУЗ: 

УлГТУ | Ульяновск

Составители: 

Рубрика: 

12
Public buildings
Colleges. The University of Oxford appears to have been formed by English
scholars from the University at Paris, and it dates from about 1167, while that of
Cambridge (1209) appeared through a migration from Oxford. Colleges were similar in
general equipment to monastic establishments, and were based on the plan of the
medieval house, with hall and rooms grouped round a quadrangle; so that the colleges
of Oxford and Cambridge and the Inns of Court,* London, still give a good idea of the
arrangement of hall, screens, and dais, with the bay-window and timber roof of a
medieval manor house.
Schools. There were schools in England in the seventh century, as early as there
were churches, but they were not monastic in origin, though often associated with ca-
thedrals or churches. The first were probably at Canterbury. Then there were many
grammar (i.e. for Latin classics) schools* attached to cathedrals, churches, hospitals
and guilds. In addition to public grammar schools and monastic schools for novices, a
new type of charity schools* appeared in the fourteenth century for choristers, as at
Durham. Many schools suffered on the Dissolution* of the Monasteries (1536-40).
Some were re-established under Edward VI. The Restoration* period was anti-ed-
ucational, and it was not until the nineteenth century that a new stimulus was given to
education. Elementary schools* were founded for the poor.
Hospitals and almshouses. Hospitals and almshouses increased in number on the
decline of the monasteries, and thus there was much similarity between them in purpose
and design.
Market halls and crosses. Markets were established in most provincial towns where
the farmers could bring their produce for sale, while annual fairs provided other fa-
cilities for commerce, and sometimes, like the markets were held in churchyards. The
beautiful Market Crosses (cross here means a monument or building of any kind
crowned with a cross) in Salisbury and Chister still serve their original purpose,
which was similar to that of the market halls, and show the similarity in type of the
commercial and ecclesiastical architecture of the period.
Inns. Inns of the Middle Ages, as well as monasteries, provided accommodation
for travellers, and many inns were used as posting houses.
The Star Inn, Alfriston, Sussex. Alfriston lies in the valley of the tiny Cuckmere River.
The remains of its market cross and its large fourteenth-century church prove that it
was an important trading town. The Star inn is very old, yet very comfortable; its very
heavily timbered walls ate from the late fifteenth century.
_________________
Vocabulary:
a quadrangle
a guild
a charity school
an almshouse
a cross

Страницы