Современная архитектура. Гусева О.Г - 11 стр.

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10
of this entry, over which was the minstrel's gallery, a characteristic feature of the lofty
medieval hall, which was the whole height of the house. Beyond the dais end of the hall
were the family apartments and the chapel. The hall was still a sleeping-room for the
retainers and had its floor covered with rushes and its walls hung with tapestry and
trophies of the hunt, while glazed windows were still rare. Wall fireplaces with
hooded canopies were usual, although sometimes the hall still had a central hearth for
charcoal, wood, and turf, and a smoke "louvre" in the roof, as at Penshurst", Kent. In
this great hall the Lord of the Manor held his court and administered justice,* and
here too, on the dais, the family dined at the high table, while at a long table in the
body of the hall his vassals took their meals. The dais sometimes had a lofty bay-
window which gave additional dignity to this part of the hall. Of the three doorways
in the "screens" on the side away from the hall, the central one generally opened into
the kitchen, one into the buttery, and the other into the pantry, where butter, cheese,
and bread, as well as plates and salt-cellars were kept. The larder, in which the meats
were larded or preserved, was very important and formed a store-room. The old
"solar", which now became known as the withdrawing-room, was frequently on an
upper floor, and here from a spy-hole the master could survey the hall below. A lady's
bower and additional rooms indicate an increased desire for privacy. The chapel had
a gallery for the master and his family, while the retainers were on the floor below. A
small priest's chamber was sometimes added.
Perpendicular period. In spite of the Wars of the Roses,* the fifteenth century
saw an improvement in social conditions and commercial prosperity. This was re-
flected in the architecture of manor houses by further provision for domestic comfort.
The hall, with fine bay-window, canopied fireplace, an open timber roof, continued
to be the principal feature; furniture was still scanty, trestle tables were still in use,
and the floor was only covered with rushes or matting. The withdrawing-room and
lady's bower were now used only as sitting rooms, while bedrooms increased in
number, and the hall was not used any longer as the general dormitory. To kitchen,
besides buttery, pantry, and larder, were now often added a scullery, bakehouse,
brewhouse, and dairy, while corn mills, granaries, and stables became more
numerous.
Tudor period. Manor houses of the first half of the sixteenth century were
principally erected by new and wealthy trading families, who were taking the place
of the old nobility, while the suppression of monasteries by Henry VIII provided him
with both money and lands with which to enrich his favourites, who vied with one
another in the building of fine houses. The Tudor house, with its increased number
and variety of rooms, was usually still built round a quadrangular court from which
many rooms were entered direct. Under changed conditions such features as
battlemented parapets and fortified gateways were retained for ornament rather than
defence, while the addition of numerous ornamental chimneys indicate the increased
comfort within. The entrance to the quadrangle was under a gate-house, opposite
which on the other side of the court was the porch leading to the "screens" of the great
hall, which now became less important, because of the addition of other rooms, and
also by the smaller number of military retainers. But still artistic skill was used for

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