Современная архитектура. Гусева О.Г - 10 стр.

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9
b) cruciform in plan
c) timber roof
5. What are the main types of chapels?
a) Lady Chapel
b) Henry VII’s Chapel
c) Chantry Chapel
d) Shrine Chapel
e) Lateral Chapel
f) Galilee Chapel
g) Chapel of Ease
h) St. John’s Chapel
Manor houses
Domestic architecture in England, in contrast to military, was little influenced
by the Roman occupation, as the uncovered atriums of the villas were found to be
unsuitable for the English climate. A new type of house was developed, in which the
central feature was the covered hall. Throughout the Medieval period this hall served
many uses, and in Saxon times it often formed the one and only room for the sleeping,
eating, living, and cooking of the owner, his family, his guests, and his serfs.* Light
came through small windows with shutters, and the only heating was supplied by the
log fire on the central hearth, the smoke from which found its way out through an
opening in the roof. Norman period. The Norman manor house was often walled in
and moated, and consisted of the great common hall with the private solar at one end
and kitchens at the other. This was the germ of all future house plans, with their many
and various additions. Little domestic architecture remains from this period, as it was
not protected by its sanctity, as were churches, or by the strength of its defences, as were
castles.
Early English period. During the thirteenth century the number of rooms was
increased, and the planning improved, especially in those manor houses which were the
residences of royalty. We now first hear of the buttery, pantry, larder, wardrobe, and
oratory, but these became more general in the fourteenth century. These more
comfortable houses were gradually replacing the keeps; but still many permissions to
"crenellate" or fortify manor houses were given by Henry III. The hall with its rude
trestle furniture still remained the principal living-room and general dormitory. Glass
slowly began to take place of wooden shutters, though it was still an expensive foreign
luxury.
Decorated period. A typical manor house of the fourteenth century was gen-
erally castellated and quadrangular, with a central courtyard entered through a
gatehouse, protected by a portcullis and drawbridge over a moat which enclosed the
whole group of buildings. Opposite the gatehouse a porch led to the entry or vestibule,
separated from the hall by a screen with two doors, while on the other side there were
three doors into kitchen and offices. The term "screen" is usually applied to the whole

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