Современная архитектура. Гусева О.Г - 4 стр.

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3
I. English Architecture
English Cathedrals
Cathedrals in Medieval times occupied the place of first importance in national life,
and men were engaged on their construction from one generation to another (St Paul's
in London and Salisbury are exceptions). They were the history books of the period
when few people could read, and thus were a medium of popular education; they took
the place in the social state of such modern institutions as schools, libraries, museums,
picture galleries, and concert halls. Sculpture and painted glass reflected incidents of
Bible history. The fact that they were constantly in process of construction and alteration
gave them a special charm, both architectural and historical, for in combining
successive stages in architectural style in a single building they reflected national history
and development, and showed the evolution of Gothic architecture.
Church plans in England and some other countries are generally in the form of
a Latin cross of which the short arms form north and south transepts. The origin of
this form is not clear. It may have been formed from the plan of the Early Christian
basilican churches, such as old St Peter's Rome, by the extension of the bema into
well-marked transepts, or it may have been suggested by the cruciform tombs of the
period of Constantine. The main body of the church generally stretches westward and
the choir and sanctuary eastward from the crossing of nave and transepts, which is
often marked externally by a tower, sometimes tapering into a spire. These main
divisions east and west, and the transepts north and south, are often further divided
into central nave with side aisles, separated by columns or piers. The columns or piers
which separate the nave and aisles support the nave arcades and the walls which rise
above the aisle roofs (naves are higher than aisles). Above is the triforium or blind
storey, which is the space beneath the sloping roof over the aisle vault and enclosed on
the nave side by a series of arches. Above the triforium is a row of windows to light the
nave, called the clearstory or clerestory. By means of cross vaults these clearstory
windows rise to the level of the ridge of the nave vault, which is covered by a high-
pitched roof. The eastern arm or the choir, reached by steps from the nave level, is
generally the most ornate part of the cathedral. English cathedrals usually had a
square end to the sanctuary, but many cathedrals when rebuilt in Norman times were
given a circular end, which was sometimes partially developed into a chevet (a circular
or polygonal apse surrounded by an ambulatory, off which are chapels). This may still
be seen in the plans of Canterbury, Ely, Winchester, Durham, Gloucester, and others.
Many cathedrals were enlarged in later years and were then given a square termination,
thus coming back to the Anglo-Saxon usage. Westminster Abbey, built under French
influence, is unique in England in having a chevet with a complete ring of chapels. The
Lady Chapel was added at the extreme east end, as at York, Salisbury, and Gloucester,
or on one side as at Ely.
A large proportion of the present cathedral churches once formed part of mo-
nastic establishments with cloisters, refectories, chapter-houses, scriptorium,

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