Современная архитектура. Гусева О.Г - 6 стр.

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5
a chevet
an apse
a rood loft
a carved stall
a cloister
a chapter-house
an infirmary
a misericord
sculptured reredoses
a lectern
a pulpit
a sedilia
a bishop’s throne
a font
a credence
an oak chest
Monasteries
Monastic communities appeared in Europe, as early as the sixth century, but
the eleventh century was remarkable for that great development of the Monastic culture
which gave an impulse to civilization, promoted new methods in agriculture, and ex-
ercised its influence on architecture. Until the middle of the twelfth century, science,
literature, art, and culture were the monopoly of the religious Orders. Monks and their
pupils were often the designers of cathedrals. The chief Monastic Orders were as follows:
I. The Benedictine Order was founded during the sixth century in South Italy by
St Benedict. Architecture, painting, and all branches of art were taught by the monks.
All the older monasteries in England, including those of Canterbury and Westmin-
ster, belonged to this order.
II. The Clunaic Order was founded in 909 in Burgundy, France, the plan had
double transepts, a feature adopted in many English cathedrals, as Lincoln and Salisbury.
III. The Cistercian Order was founded in 1098 in Burgundy. The typical
church was divided transversely into three parts by screens, walls, or steps, and there were
often no aisles. There was an absence of towers and paint ed glass. In England some
abbeys belonged to this order.
IV. The Augustinian Order differed little from the Benedictine and was in-
troduced into England in 1105.
V. The Premonstratensian Order was founded in Picardy, France, in 1119.
Yorks Abbey (1152) is one of their monastic buildings in England.
VI. The Carthusian Order was founded about 1080 in France. An English ex-
ample is the Charterhouse, London. By the rules of the order the monks had to work,
eat, and drink in silence, speech was interdicted.
VII. The Military Orders included the Knights Templars and the Knights
Hospitallers, or Knights of St John. Their churches were circular in plan and are

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