Современная архитектура. Гусева О.Г - 7 стр.

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6
supposed to have been on the model of the Rotunda of the Holy Sepulchre,
Jerusalem. Some English churches, e.g. the Temple Church, London, were founded
by these Orders.
VIII. The Friars, of which there were several Orders, were of later origin. Their
churches were designed for preaching, a) The Dominicans (preaching or Black Friars)
were founded about 1170, and came to England about 1217. b) The Franciscans
(mendicants or Grey Friars) were founded in 1209, and came to England in 1224. c) The
Carmelites (White Friars) came to England in 1229.
IX. The Jesuits were founded as a counterforce to the Reformation, and they
came to England about 1538. The plan of a typical Benedictine Monastery, like
Westminster Abbey, consisted of a group of buildings designed for all occupations of the
monks, and was like a village with the monastic church as the centre. It included the
following departments: a) The Monastic Church, situated in a court or Close open to the
public, b) A Cloister Court with the chapter-house, sacristy, and dormitory with its
staircase into the church, while the cellars for beer, wine and oil were often under the
dormitory. The refectory and kitchens with their noise and smell were on the side of the
cloister away from the church. The lavatory was usually in the south cloister walk, as
at Westminster, Wells, and Gloucester, c) An Inner Court with infirmary, guest house,
kitchen, servants' hall, library, and the scriptorium for writing, d) A Common Court,
approached through a gateway for carts, and surrounded by granaries, bakehouses,
stables, storerooms, servants' rooms, tribunal, prison, abbot's house, e) Mills, workshops,
gardens, orchards, and fish ponds.
Parish churches
The building of churches in England progressed on national lines, and the 9,000
parish churches of the Medieval period indicate the evolution of the style.
The Church of St Andrew, Heckington, Lincolnshire (1345-80) is a fine example of
English parish church. It has a western tower, nave with aisles, south entrance porch,
transepts, aisleless chancel with priest's door, square east end due to Anglo-Saxon
influence, and a sacristy.
Some larger parish churches which are cruciform in plan have the tower over the
crossing of nave and transepts. A spire, usually octagonal, often crowns the tower,
and the change from the square to the octagon was effected in the thirteenth century by
means of a broach resting on angle squinch arches; while in the following centuries
parapets with elaborate pinnacles and flying buttresses connected the tower to the base
of the spire. The principal entrance was either through a south porch near the west end
or by a door under the tower in the west facade.
There is no feature more typically English than the timber roof, with all its varia-
tions of structure and design, as gradually developed out of the combinations of rafters
and beams. A church often had different kinds of timber roof to its different parts, for
example to the chancel and to the nave.

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