Современная архитектура. Гусева О.Г - 5 стр.

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library, guest hall, infirmary, prison, wine cellar, mills, workshops, and gardens. They
are now set in a quiet close and not among the houses of the town. They are long and
narrow as compared with French, the length is often as much as six times the
width. There are fewer side chapels in England than in France. The cloisters round
which the various buildings were grouped formed a covered way for the use of
monks, but were also planned, as at Salisbury and Wells, as ornamental additions
to cathedrals which were not part of monasteries.
In England churches often served a two-fold purpose and provided services for
monks at one end and for citizens at the other, so the choir or eastern arm had to be
large enough to accommodate the monks, and it was often nearly as long as the nave
or western arm.
Transepts project considerably and secondary transepts occur, as at Salisbury,
Canterbury, Lincoln, Wells, and Worcester.
The high central tower over the crossing, as at Lincoln, York, Ely, Gloucester,
Canterbury and Durham, is effective by contrast with the low nave; its height can be
increased by a tapering spire, as at Salisbury. Sometimes there are two Western
towers. Flying buttresses are not so common as in France because the nave vault is
comparatively low.
A description of English cathedrals would be incomplete without mentioning
the sculptured west front of Wells, and those internal fittings such as rood lofts, choir
screens, carved stalls, misericords, bishop's thrones, sculptured reredoses, fonts,
tombs, sedilia, pulpits, lecterns, brasses, triptychs, wall tablets, alms boxes,
credences, oak chests, and other fittings which with the tiled floor not only give a rich
appearance to the interiors of cathedrals and churches, but are also of importance as
historical records.
Chapter-houses were originally square in plan, as at Canterbury, but that at
Durham was apsidal, and that at Worcester is circular. The normal type is
octagonal with a centre pillar to support the vaulting, as Westminster, Salisbury and
Wells, but Lincoln is decagonal. York chapter-house is octagonal, with no central
pillar, as the vault is of wood instead of stone.
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Vocabulary:
a pier
a transept
an aisle vault
a blind storey
a clerestory
a high-pitched roof
a choir
a sanctuary

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