Английский язык. Иванова С.Г. - 7 стр.

     13) poisoning – отравление;
     14) incidents – несчастные случаи;
     15) collapse – разрушение.

                             Types and Risks of Major Crises

      Research demonstrates that crises can be sorted into the general categories,
families, or types. These are the major types of crises or major risk categories that
all organizations should be prepared for. Indeed, a robust "crisis portfolio" consists
precisely of the preparation for at least one crisis in each of the various types or
families. Within each general family, specific crises share strong similarities. On
the other hand, there are sharp differences between the general categories,
families, or types of major crises. Research in CM also reveals how the best
organizations plan for major crises. The first finding is that they attempt to prepare
for at least one crisis in each of the families. First, most organizations only
consider at most one or two families. For instance, most organizations prepare at
least for natural disasters, such as fires, earthquakes, or floods. Natural disasters
occur with great regularity, and they strike all organizations equally. Thus, they
are the least threatening to the "collective ego" of organizations. For instance,
earthquakes affect all organizations in the Los Angeles area equally. Furthermore,
since one can neither predict nor prevent earthquakes, there is not the blame
associated with earthquakes as there is with other types of crises such as work
place violence—that call for special human vigilance and mitigation. However,
even earthquakes have some degree of human blame or responsibility associated
with them. For instance, even though we can neither predict nor prevent
earthquakes, humans are still charged with the responsibility of designing
appropriate buildings that will withstand their worst effects. Humans are also
charged with designing appropriate recovery efforts for the victims of earthquakes.
Thus, even those crises that are due solely to "acts of nature" still have a strong
human component associated with them, as recent tragedies in Turkey and
Venezuela demonstrate so vividly. In the case of Turkey, the failure to design
appropriate apartment structures led not only to their collapse but to the deaths of
hundreds of occupants. Thus, while Mother Nature may produce earthquakes,
humans contribute to their worst effects through shoddy, irresponsible, and even
criminal actions.
      Organizations that do broaden their preparations for crises other than natural
disasters most often do it only for "core or normal" disasters that are specific to
their particular industry. For instance, no one really has to prod the chemical
industry to prepare for explosions and fires, since such occurrences are - part of the
industry's day-to-day operating experience. Such occurrences are considered a
natural part of the territory. For another, no one really has to prod fast food com-
panies to prepare for food contamination and poisoning, since such incidents are
also unfortunately part of their day-to-day operating experience. One does have to
continually prod organizations to consider the occurrence of crises from any and all
of the families simultaneously. That is, major crises occur not only because of what
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