Конспект лекций по термодинамике. Коренблит С.Э. - 41 стр.

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ˆ­­ë¬¨ á«®¢ ¬¨, ¥á«¨ ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ ­¨ï ‹¥¦ ­¤à (3.20), (3.15), (3.21), (3.33), ¢¬¥áâ®
®á­®¢­®£® ãà ¢­¥­¨ï â¥à¬®¤¨­ ¬¨ª¨ (3.10) ¤«ï à ¢­®¢¥á­ëå ¯à®æ¥áᮢ, ¯à¨¬¥­¨âì ª
®á­®¢­®¬ã ­¥à ¢¥­áâ¢ã â¥à¬®¤¨­ ¬¨ª¨ (3.5) ¤«ï ­¥à ¢­®¢¥á­ëå ¯à®æ¥áᮢ:
           dU (S; V; N )  TdS PdV + dN; â®, ¯®á«¥¤®¢ ⥫쭮 ­ ©¤¥¬:         (4.9)
           H = U + PV; dH(S; P; N )  TdS + V dP + dN;                      (4.10)
           F = U TS; dF (T; V; N )  SdT PdV + dN;                          (4.11)
            = U TS + PV = F + PV; d(T; P; N )  SdT + V dP + dN; (4.12)
           J = U TS N = F N; dJ (T; V; )  SdT PdV Nd: (4.13)
Žâªã¤ ¤«ï ­¥®¡à ⨬ëå ¯à®æ¥áᮢ ¢ëà ¢­¨¢ ­¨ï ­¥¬¥¤«¥­­® ¯®«ãç ¥¬ ¢­®¢ì, çâ®:
                    dF < 0; ¯à¨ T = const; V = const; N = const;             (4.14)
                    d < 0; ¯à¨ T = const; P = const; N = const;             (4.15)
                    dJ < 0; ¯à¨ T = const; V = const;  = const;             (4.16)
â® ¥áâì, ¢ ᮣ« ᨨ á (4.4), (4.7), í⨠¯®â¥­æ¨ «ë ¨¬¥îâ ¢ à ¢­®¢¥á¨¨ ¬¨¬­¨¬ã¬.
Ž¯à¥¤¥«¥­­®áâì §­ 祭¨© í­âய¨¨ ¤«ï ¢á¥å ¯à®¬¥¦ãâ®ç­ëå ­¥à ¢­®¢¥á-
­ëå á®áâ®ï­¨© ¯®¤à §ã¬¥¢ ¥âáï 㦥 ¢ á ¬®¬ § ª®­¥ ¢®§à áâ ­¨ï í­âà®-
¯¨¨ (3.4). ¥à ¢¥­á⢠¦¥ (4.9){(4.13) ¨¬¥îâ á¬ë᫠⮫쪮 ¥á«¨ ¤«ï íâ¨å
á®áâ®ï­¨© ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­ë ¢á¥ ¯ à ¬¥âàë T; P; S; V , ¨ â.¤. Ž¤­ ª®, ¢ ®â«¨ç¨¥
®â á®áâ®ï­¨ï à ¢­®¢¥á¨ï, £¤¥, ¯® ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­¨î (1.5), ¢á¥ ¢­ãâ७­¨¥ ¯ -
à ¬¥âàë fP g ïîâáï äã­ªæ¨ï¬¨ ⮫쪮 ¢­¥è­¨å ¯ à ¬¥â஢ fV; N g
¨ ⥬¯¥à âãàë T : P = P (T; V; N ), S = S (U; V; N ), ¯®¤  à ¢­®¢¥á­ë¬
á®áâ®ï­¨¥¬ §¤¥áì ¨ ¤ «¥¥ ¯®­¨¬ ¥âáï á®áâ®ï­¨¥, å à ªâ¥à¨§ã¥¬®¥ ¥é¥ ¤®-
¯®«­¨â¥«ì­ë¬¨ ¢­ãâ७­¨¬¨ ¯ à ¬¥âà ¬¨ j : P; T; V; N ¨ j á¢ï§ ­­ë
⥯¥àì ãà ¢­¥­¨ï¬¨ ­¥à ¢­®¢¥á­®£® á®áâ®ï­¨ï ¢¨¤ P = P (T; V; N; fj g),
S = S (U; V; N; fj g), ª ª á®áâ®ï­¨ï, \§ ¬®à®¦¥­­®£®" ¢ à ¢­®¢¥á¨¨, á®-
¯à殮­­ë¬¨ ª j , ¤®¯®«­¨â¥«ì­ë¬¨ ¢­¥è­¨¬¨ ¯®«ï¬¨ fj , à®«ì ª®â®àëå
¬®¦¥â ¨£à âì, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ¯®«¥ â殮á⨠¢ ¡ ஬¥âà¨ç¥áª®© ä®à¬ã«¥ ¨«¨               1



¤®¯®«­¨â¥«ì­ë¥ ¤¨ ¡ â¨ç¥áª¨¥ á⥭ª¨ [6], ¨«¨ ç¨á« ç áâ¨æ ॠ£¨àãî-
é¨å ¤àã£ á ¤à㣮¬ 娬¨ç¥áª¨å ª®¬¯®­¥­â®¢, ¨«¨ ç¨á«® à §«¨ç­ëå ä § ¢
á¨á⥬¥ [2].  áᬮâ७­ë¥ ¢ëè¥ â¥à¬®¤¨­ ¬¨ç¥áª¨¥ ä㭪樨 á¨á⥬ë
S; F; ; J , (­® ­¥ U ¨ H), â ª¦¥ ¬®¦­® áç¨â âì ⮣¤ à ¢­ë¬¨ ᮮ⢥â-
áâ¢ãî騬 §­ 祭¨ï¬ íâ¨å ä㭪権 ¤«ï \§ ¬®à®¦¥­­®©" á¨á⥬ë, 㤥à-
¦¨¢ ¥¬®© ¢ \à ¢­®¢¥á¨¨" ¤®¯®«­¨â¥«ì­ë¬¨ \®¡®¡é¥­­ë¬¨ ᨫ ¬¨" j ,
j = 1  k, ­® í­¥à£¨î U ­¥à ¢­®¢¥á­®£® á®áâ®ï­¨ï ¢ ®âáãâá⢨¥ ¢­¥è-
­¥£® ¯®«ï, { ®â«¨ç î饩áï ®â í­¥à£¨¨ U  í⮣® á®áâ®ï­¨ï ¢ ¯à¨áãâá⢨¥
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