The cell. Кулагина Ж.Д. - 31 стр.

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      When we call a plant or an animal an organism we imply that it is
organized, that it consists of parts carrying out functions which are correlated
and contribute towards the activities of the whole. Thus the filament of
Spirogyra is composed of cells which carry out living processes, and each cell is
organized into parts such as the chloroplast which manufactures sugar or the
plasma membrane which determines what materials can enter or leave the
protoplast. Or, taking Hydra, we find that here the body of the animal can be
divided into such parts as the tentacles, mouth and body wall, each performing a
different function. From the correlated activities of these parts there results an
organism.
      Higher in the scale of organization are the more familiar trees, shrubs and
herbs. Here the plant body may be regarded as composed of various organs
performing different functions. Thus, to hold the plant in the ground there is a
special organ – the root. It also absorbs water and mineral substances from the
soil. As to the stem, it is an organ which is to support the leaves and conduct
materials from one part of the plant to another, while the leaves are organs
which are concerned chiefly with the manufacture of sugar.

      Ex. 16. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the “for-
phrase”.

1. It is for biologists to settle this problem. 2. For some scientists to share this
point of view was not easy. 3. The principal aim of this conference is for people
to realize the necessity of nature conservation. 4. The problems for the
participants of the conference to settle were extremely actual. 5. For a plant to be
held in the ground there is a special organ – the root. 6. For an organism to
function normally all its parts should be correlated and contribute to the
activities of the whole. 7. To grow doesn’t mean for an organism to stop
functioning. 8. It is impossible for a cell to divide if it hasn’t reached the size of
its parent cell. 9. For the cell division to occur the cell should reach the size of
its parent cell. 10. For mitosis to occur in human cells the temperature shouldn’t
be above or below 37 °C. To deviate from this point is to inhibit mitosis. 11. The
professor asked for the diagram to be explained. 12. The protoplasm appearance
was too deceptively simple for biologists to realize its real complexity. 13. For
every part of an organism to perform its activity there should be a constant
exchange of matter between an organism and its environment.

      Ex. 17. Read the text.

                                         Text C
     In an animal such as a bird, fish or mammal the scale of organization is yet
higher, and organs performing related functions are grouped into system of
organs. One of such systems is the skeletal system, or skeleton, made up of the
various bones which form the frame work. The muscular system with its