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boat propellers, and being caught in fishing nets and equipment. In 1970, the species was listed as threatened
under the Endangered Species Act.
When scientists learned that commercial shrimp trawling nets were trapping and killing between 5000 and
50,000 loggerhead sea turtles a year, they developed a large metal grid called a Turtle Excluder Device (TED)
that fits into the trawl net, preventing 97 percent of trawl-related loggerhead turtle deaths while only minimally
reducing the commercial shrimp harvest. In 1992, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) implemented
regulations requiring commercial shrimp trawlers to use TEDs, effectively balancing the commercial demand
for shrimp with the health and vitality of the loggerhead sea turtle population.
4. THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM:
THE WAY OF THE WORLD
"The Economist", the famous magazine of the United Kingdom, has analyzed the trend of the world in the
twentieth century. The environment of the past 100 years has not been as bad as the people have thought. On
the contrary, the environment of the world has been good and will be so until the next century. Although the
population of the world has been increasing quickly during the last century, it has not caused any serious prob-
lems as world production has also been highly increased. The environment of the world has not been a disaster
(like the prophecy of many others) because of the changes of many factors. There is the change of resource
prices and society. The development of democracy and the planning of environment are to meet the pressure
from the people.
It is seen that when there are more people, more consuming, more production, the use of natural is increas-
ing. The price goes up when there is the need. There is then the force of being economical in use, the need to
find new resource sites, new kinds of resources, new technology, and new ways for humanity. The mechanism
of prices has been quite efficient in solving the problems of natural resource.
However, we need to accept that marketing mechanisms have not been quite satisfactory in solving envi-
ronmental problems, particularly, where there is something in nature, which does not belong to any one. There-
fore, there is the tendency that resources will be used inconsiderately. There is no one to care for conservation.
There is the example that resources in the sea and the ocean will continue being in hazard in the next century.
Moreover, in some cases, the hazard in the environment has not been reflected in the way we can see like
"price". There is the case that pollution is setting into air and water. The pollution occurs to the ecology and
community. However, the price does not reflect any of these damages. It is because private business wants to
decrease the capital amount and want to continue getting the highest profit. They let the disasters happen.
Communities, society and nature meet danger from the environment as we see in the developing countries all
over the world.
"The Economist" points out that in a country with advanced industry, pollution is not a big problem be-
cause they have developed democracy, which then has the checking, there is always the pressure from the peo-
ple. The democratic government has answered the people's needs with the awareness that something needs to be
done and some things have already been done. We can see that air pollution in industrial society, which had
been increasing for 300 years, is solved satisfactorily. This will be continued for a long time. In a developing
country, this problem may continue to the next century.
5. THE CRISIS OF ECOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
In the analysis, "The Economist" may be too positive in assessing the environmental problem and regard-
ing only one aspect like pollution in industry. There is the conclusion that the incidence of pollution in the air
has been decreasing. Nothing is said about the pollution of toxic waste, which has been left, and keeps piling up
in the environment for so long in the world of industry. This tendency will continue until the next century as the
government in industrial countries like America, Japan and Germany have not been successful in solving the
problems of toxic waste, which has been accumulating for so long. It is because the main environmental policy
emphasizes only the problems, which are visible and can be felt. The emphasis is on short-term pollution,
which has an immediate effect to on people's health. The accumulating pollution cannot be seen easily, it is
then neglected.
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