Методические указания по составлению и оформлению научного доклада на профессиональную тему на английском языке. Малетина Л.В. - 27 стр.

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27
based fuels has increased at an exponential rate of 4.3% per year from 1860 to
the mid-1970s. (See Table 1.) High energy costs should help to slow the use
of fuels, although no significant reductions in demand have yet been observed.
It is expected that industrialized countries will be able to significantly reduce
the use of fossil fuels for energy production by using clean energy sources
such as solar and nuclear. However, a growing world population will place
heavy pressure for increased energy use, especially in developing countries.
The percentage of CO2 produced by geographical regions in 1974 and the
projected contribution expected in 2025 is listed in Table 2. Even though the
United States will reduce its contribution from 27% to 8%, the amount
produced by developing regions in the same time will more than triple[4].
Carbon Dioxide Produced by Different Fuels
The amount of carbon added to the atmosphere depends on the type of fuel
being burned. Fuels with a high hydrogen- to-carbon ratio produce the most
energy for each unit of carbon released. The dirtiest fuels, in terms of carbon
dioxide, are the various synthetic fuels that are produced from coal. Synfuels
release large amounts of CO2 because energy must be expended to extract
them from coal. Therefore, the carbon dioxide generated from producing the
synfuel must be added to that released by combustion. Because the world has
very large coal reserves, research into synfuel production has increased
greatly. Although synfuels could significantly reduce the dependence of the
United States on petroleum, they would tend to accelerate the buildup of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Table 3 lists the amount of CO2 released by
each type of fuel.
Table 1. Estimated Carbon Added to the Atmosphere
by the Burning of Fuels (G tons per year)
Year Carbon Added (G tons)
1950 1.63
1960 2.16
1970 3.96
1975 4.87
1978 5.62
Source: Gordon J. MacDonald. The Long-Term Impacts of
Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels (Cambridge:
Ballinger, 1982), 152.

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